Table of Content

15 April 2025, Volume 22 Issue 4 Previous Issue   

AI-powered Nursing Education

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Practical pathways and future prospects of AI-powered nursing education CAO Jing, YANG Lei, LI Xiaomei 2025, 22 (4):  389-392.  doi: 10.3761/j.issn.1672-9234.2025.04.001 Abstract ( 227 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (974KB) ( 6 )   Save Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics The integration of Artificial Intelligence（AI） into nursing education represents a profound transforma-tion shift from technological advancement to educational paradigms reconfiguration. Through intelligent tools such as multimodal interaction systems，knowledge graph construction，and virtual simulation platforms，AI is fundamentally reconstructing the nursing education ecosystem. This revolution enhances teaching efficiency while enabling comprehensive upgrades in personalized learning and practical skill development. Grounded in the core concepts of AI，this paper analyzes prevalent AI tools and their specific applications in nursing education contexts. It systematically explores the technical logic of AI empowerment，current challenges，and future trends. By integrating academic rigor with practical applicability，the study aims to proposes a Chinese solution for the digital transformation of nursing education.

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Research on the application of AI-assisted teaching in undergraduate Nursing Psychology course WANG Mengjia, BAO Yingying, WANG Bei, ZHANG Ruixing 2025, 22 (4):  393-397.  doi: 10.3761/j.issn.1672-9234.2025.04.002 Abstract ( 112 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (1126KB) ( 8 )   Save References | Related Articles | Metrics Objective To explore the application effects of AI-assisted teaching in the undergraduate Nursing Psychology course.Methods During the second semester of the 2023—2024 academic year，two parallel classes of the 2022 nursing undergraduate cohort were selected using purposive sampling. The two classes were randomly assigned to the experimental group（n=80） and the control group（n=85） using a coin toss. The experimental group received AI-assisted teaching in the Nursing Psychology course，while the control group received traditional teaching methods. After the course，the differences in the scenario simulation assessment scores between the two groups were compared. Qualitative text analysis was used to analyze students’ experiences and suggestions regarding AI-assisted teaching.Results A statistically significant difference was observed between the experimental and control groups in terms of scenario simulation assessment scores （P<0.001）. From the text data reports of the experimental group，the following four themes were extracted：AI-assisted teaching broadens thinking and perspectives，AI-assisted teaching enhances critical thinking abilities，AI-assisted teaching increases teaching interaction and classroom engagement，and AI-assisted teaching stimulates self-identified strengths.Conclusion The application of AI-assisted teaching in the undergraduate Nursing Psychology course is feasible. It effectively enhances nursing students’ empathy and critical thinking abilities，helps develop higher-level skills，promotes the development of clinical thinking in nursing，and empowers students to leverage their strengths.

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Application of ChatGPT in self-directed answers to nursing problems and measures for surgical patients LI Peng, ZHANG Yuanhui, TANG Long, LIU Shan, ZHENG Xiaoni, Jianchun Ji, LIU Jian, LONG Teng 2025, 22 (4):  398-402.  doi: 10.3761/j.issn.1672-9234.2025.04.003 Abstract ( 168 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (855KB) ( 5 )   Save References | Related Articles | Metrics Objective To evaluate the accuracy of ChatGPT-4 in autonomously answering nursing questions and measures for surgical patients，and to provide a reference for the intelligent reform of nursing education.Methods Thirty inpatient cases from a tertiary first-class hospital in 2024 were selected as analytical data. Nursing problems and measures were generated following steps of pre-training input，writing instructional prompts，and inputting instructions. Five nursing experts evaluated the accuracy based on a unified scoring standard，and consistency was tested using Fleiss’s Kappa test and Cronbach’s α coefficient.Results The accuracy of nursing questions and measures for the 30 cases was rated as “excellent” at 85.3% and 80.0%，respectively. The Fleiss’s Kappa test values for pairwise comparison of expert scores for each case ranged from 0.433 to 0.763，and the overall Cronbach’s α coefficients for nursing questions and measures across all cases were 0.908 and 0.943，respectively.Conclusion The overall accuracy of autonomously generated nursing questions and measures by ChatGPT-4 is acceptable，reflecting the potential of large language models to serve as teaching aids. However，further judgment of the generated information is necessary，which can provide a reference for the further application and development of artificial intelligence in the field of nursing education.

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The current situation and reflection on the application of generative artificial intelligence assisted learning for vocational nursing students WU Nenping, CHEN Shaohua, YU Biaojun, CHEN Xiaojing 2025, 22 (4):  403-408.  doi: 10.3761/j.issn.1672-9234.2025.04.004 Abstract ( 63 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (1325KB) ( 3 )   Save Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics Objective To understand the current application status of generative artificial intelligence（Gen AI） in the learning of vocational nursing students，analyze its positive impact and potential problems.Methods All the students（n=1 262） in nursing school of a medical college were selected as the research participants. In investigation，a self-made questionnaire was used to investigate the use of Gen AI，and multiple response analysis was carried out. The purpose sampling method was used to select students who had used Gen AI assisted learning in the survey to conduct interviews，and the theme analysis method was applied to refine the theme.Results Among the participated students，417（33.0%） had used Gen AI for assisted learning in the past six months，who mainly applied Gen AI in the scenarios of understanding knowledge points（58.5%），querying information（56.4%），and less in creative inspiration（28.3%） and tracking the latest medical progress（17.3%）. The main way of asking questions was to directly inquiry of specific questions（68.6%），use open-ended questions to seek multiple answers（49.2%），and rarely use guiding prompts（38.4%） and professional terminology（36.0%）. The interview results indicated that students believed that Gen AI provided an efficient and convenient path for knowledge acquisition，making it a powerful learning assistant. However，they also expressed concerns about the usage process and expectations for deep application.Conclusion Gen AI shows great potential in assisting students’ learning. Also，it faces many problems and challenges. Schools and teachers should intervene in the weak points and deficiencies of vocational nursing students in applying Gen AI assisted learning，and actively respond to new educational challenges and difficulties in the digital age.

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Applications and recommendations of artificial intelligence in the smart education of nursing students CHEN Hong, YU Ting, XU Ke, WANG Cong, LIU Shanshan, JIANG Yan 2025, 22 (4):  409-415.  doi: 10.3761/j.issn.1672-9234.2025.04.005 Abstract ( 110 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (1174KB) ( 3 )   Save References | Related Articles | Metrics Artificial intelligence has emerged as a significant driving force for transformation and innovation in the field of nursing within the context of the digital era and the application of smart education during the “Fourteenth Five-Year Plan”. This paper summarized the connotation and characteristics of AI，its application purpose，teaching links and contents，application forms and application effects in smart education of nursing students，and summarized the challenges and suggestions of the application of AI in smart education of nursing students，aiming to inform the optimized utilization of AI in advancing smart nursing education.

Discipline Development and Professional Construction

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Analysis of research hotspots in National Social Science Fund projects funded to nursing scholars in China YANG Yifang, LI Wenyuan, LIU Meimei, WANG Huanhuan, ZHANG Zhenzhen, XIAO Yulong, YAN Fanghong, HAN Lin, MA Yuxia 2025, 22 (4):  416-422.  doi: 10.3761/j.issn.1672-9234.2025.04.006 Abstract ( 150 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (1493KB) ( 1 )   Save Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics Objective To summarize the funding status and research hotspots of nursing scholars supported by the National Social Science Fund，providing references for future social science research by nursing scholars.Methods A comprehensive search was conducted in the National Social Science Fund project database and the announcements from the National Office of Philosophy and Social Sciences，supplemented by search engines such as Baidu，to identify National Social Science Fund projects led by nursing scholars. Relevant project information and keywords were extracted for co-word clustering analysis.Results A total of 117 National Social Science Fund projects funded to 103 nursing scholars in the past years were identified. Co-word cluster analysis revealed six major research hotspots：comprehensive prevention and control strategies for major infectious diseases；smart elderly care and nursing services；service quality and risk management in elderly care institutions；social mechanisms and influencing factors of mental health in left-behind children；home care interventions for disabled elderly individuals and social support models；and the collaborative role of urban and rural communities and families in chronic disease management and the development of management systems under the aging trend.Conclusion The total funding for National Social Science Fund projects for nursing scholars shows an overall upward trend，primarily comprising general projects，with fewer key projects. Universities are the main supporting institutions. It is recommended that nursing scholars align their research with national strategies and social needs，integrate disciplinary characteristics，broaden their academic horizons，conduct high-quality research，and promote the rapid development of the nursing discipline.

Ideological and Political Education and Quality Education

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Practical research on integrating the spirit of educators into the ideological and political education of Nursing Pedagogy course WANG Yanni, LÜ Qin, Rebiguli Reman, FU Feng 2025, 22 (4):  423-428.  doi: 10.3761/j.issn.1672-9234.2025.04.007 Abstract ( 43 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (1123KB) ( 1 )   Save Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics Objective To explore the effects of integrating the spirit of educators into the ideological and political education of Nursing Pedagogy courses.Methods The ideological and political education of the Nursing Pedagogy course，integrated with the spirit of educators，was designed. The steps included clarifying the ideological and political education objectives and elements，designing a fusion plan for “course” and “ideological and political education”，building teaching resources for ideological and political education，and designing the evaluation of ideological and political education. The teaching plan was applied to 205 nursing undergraduates from the class of 2022 who chose Nursing Pedagogy course. The effects of the ideological and political education was evaluated through the survey results of the satisfaction about Nursing Pedagogy course，students’ performance in a 15-minute experiential teaching session，and their learning gains and insights.Results A total of 198（96.6%） students were satisfied with the teaching methods of Nursing Pedagogy course. The students’ scores in the 15-minute experiential teaching session were teaching attitude（18.08±0.76），teaching content（18.20±0.54），teaching process（14.00±1.05），teaching management（14.00±1.01），and teaching effectiveness（13.80±1.03）. The 20 students interviewed believed that through Nursing Pedagogy course，their sense of mission and responsibility was enhanced，and they knew the importance of innovative thinking and compassion in teaching.Conclusion Integrating the spirit of educators into the ideological and political education of Nursing Pedagogy courses has achieved good results，but further optimization of teaching content and methods is needed based on student feedback.

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The impact of mentoring relationships on the innovative behavior of nursing graduate students：the mediating role of academic engagement ZHANG Huimin, ZHU Xinyi, PAN Kun, SUN Xueting, SHI Yage, LIU Chenjun, WANG Shuaiyou, LI Dingding, LUO Yanyan 2025, 22 (4):  429-435.  doi: 10.3761/j.issn.1672-9234.2025.04.008 Abstract ( 40 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (975KB) ( 1 )   Save Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics Objective To explore the mediating effect of academic engagement between mentoring relationship and innovative behavior among nursing graduate students.Methods Using convenient sampling，nursing graduate students from five universities in Henan Province were recruited as participants between May 2024 and October 2024. They were surveyed using the General Information Questionnaire，Innovative Behavior Scale，Academic Engagement Scale，and Mentoring Relationship Scale.Results A total of 303 valid questionnaires were collected. The mean scores for the mentoring relationship，academic engagement，and innovative behavior among the 303 nursing graduate students were（3.48±0.55），（4.65±0.71），and（3.43±0.39），respectively. There were positive correlations among the total scores and subscale scores of the mentoring relationship，academic engagement，and innovative behavior（P<0.05）. Academic engagement fully mediated the relationship between mentoring relationship and innovative behavior among nursing graduate students.Conclusion The mentoring relationship indirectly affects the innovative behavior of nursing graduate students by influencing their academic engagement. Higher education institutions can enhance the innovative capabilities of nursing graduate students by optimizing mentoring relationships and increasing their academic engagement.

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The research on the course design and teaching practice of Scientific Literacy and Innovative Thinking Enlightenment for nursing undergraduates LI Xuejing, WANG Yuetong, LI Xiaohua, ZHOU Fen, MENG Meiqi, YANG Dan, GUO Hong, HAO Yufang 2025, 22 (4):  436-441.  doi: 10.3761/j.issn.1672-9234.2025.04.009 Abstract ( 36 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (943KB) ( 2 )   Save Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics Objective To develop an evidence-based nursing thinking-oriented innovation training course and evaluate its effectiveness to enhance the innovation abilities of undergraduate nursing students.Methods A literature review and expert panel method（involving 10 experts） were used to design the Scientific Literacy and Innovation Thinking Enlightenment course. This core course consisted of nine sessions，totaling 18 class hours，and was taught to 963 students from the 2021，2022，and 2023 cohorts. The course outcomes and student experiences were explored through course grades，student performance evaluations，innovation ability questionnaires，and semi-structured interviews.Results The total score（86.14±5.68） and the evaluation score（98.98） of the 2023 cohort were higher than those of the 2021 cohort（84.51±5.46；97.54）. The participation rate in course evaluations increased annually（from 92% in 2021 to 97% in 2023）. Qualitative analysis identified three themes：enhancement of students’ cognitive abilities，improvement of comprehensive practical skills，and strengthening of professional identity.Conclusion The evidence-based nursing-driven，four-module progressive innovation course effectively enhances the innovation abilities of nursing students and boosts their professional identity. It is recommended that the innovative course be introduced earlier in lower academic years and that a comprehensive support system be established.

Experimental and Practical Teaching and Learning

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Development and pedagogical application of a game-based mobile application for intravenous infusion study ZHAO Yafei, WEI Lili, GU Ruting, WANG Jingyuan, LI Qianqian, WANG Siyao, TANG Yalin 2025, 22 (4):  442-446.  doi: 10.3761/j.issn.1672-9234.2025.04.010 Abstract ( 79 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (1177KB) ( 3 )   Save Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics Objective To develop a game-based mobile application and evaluate its effectiveness in teaching intravenous fluid administration skills to nursing students.Methods Based on the theory of game-based teaching，a game integrating intravenous infusion operational skills was developed. Nursing students from two campuses （Campus A and Campus B） of a tertiary hospital in Qingdao City from May 2023 to July 2023 were selected as the study subjects. Students from Campus A were assigned to the control group（n=50） and received traditional teaching methods，while students from Campus B formed the experimental group（n=50） and was trained in intravenous infusion operation skills using games in addition to traditional teaching. The test scores of intravenous infusion skills and the learning curves were compared between the two groups before and after the intervention.Results After one week，the intervention group scored significantly higher than the control group on the skills exam（P<0.05）. Learning curve analysis revealed that the experimental group required a minimum of nine practice sessions to master the skills，compared to 12 sessions for the control group.Conclusion The game-based mobile application developed in this study can effectively play a role in the teaching of intravenous infusion operation skills to nursing students，which can provide reference for the gamification，intelligence，and digitalization reform of nursing education.

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Development and application research of fetal heart monitoring learning platform based on WeChat mini program ZHANG Jinling, REN Jianhua 2025, 22 (4):  447-451.  doi: 10.3761/j.issn.1672-9234.2025.04.011 Abstract ( 61 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (862KB) ( 1 )   Save Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics Objective To develop a fetal heart monitoring learning platform based on WeChat mini program and verify its application effect among undergraduate nursing students.Methods A mobile fetal heart monitoring learning platform adapted to WeChat applet was developed，with a user port consisting of five modules：basic knowledge module of fetal heart monitoring，fetal heart monitoring map library module，renowned teachers lecture module，interactive Q&A module，game challenge module. Twenty-three undergraduate students（hereinafter referred to as “students”） from the nursing school of a comprehensive university in Chengdu City，Sichuan Province，in the class of 2019 in the direction of nursing midwifery，were selected as the study subjects. The research team collected the duration and frequency of students’ use of the platform for learning，and compared and analyzed students’ knowledge tests related to fetal heart monitoring before and after using the platform，and investigated their satisfaction with the platform.Results Twenty-one students used the fetal heart monitoring teaching platform 1-3 times per week，and 18 students used the fetal heart monitoring teaching platform for less than 30 minutes per week. The test scores of students on fetal monitoring-related knowledge after using the platform for assisted learning were higher than those before using the platform（P<0.05），and students showed high satisfaction with the platform.Conclusion The use of the platform can improve the teaching effect of fetal monitoring to a certain extent，enrich the teaching methods of fetal monitoring，and supplement the teaching content of fetal monitoring.

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The application of escape room teaching method in clinical teaching for pediatric nursing intern HUANG Tianma, QIU Juanjuan, ZHAO Wei, ZHANG Keyue, HONG Zhongqin 2025, 22 (4):  452-457.  doi: 10.3761/j.issn.1672-9234.2025.04.012 Abstract ( 79 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (972KB) ( 2 )   Save Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics Objective To explore the application effect of the escape room teaching method in clinical teaching for pediatric nursing interns.Methods A convenience sampling was used to select 64 nursing interns from Nephrology and Rheumatology Immunology Department of a tertiary pediatric hospital. The interns were numbered based on their rotation entry sequence，with interns 1-32 assigned to the control group and interns 33-64 assigned to the experimental group. The control group received traditional clinical practice teaching，while the experimental group was exposed to escape room pedagogy integrated into traditional teaching. Upon completion of the internship，exit exam scores and learning engagement levels were compared between the two groups. Qualitative text analysis was conducted on feedback from the experimental group regarding their experience with the escape room teaching.Results After teaching，students in the experimental group generally reported positive gaming experiences，and their theoretical exam scores，operational skill scores，and total level of learning engagement were higher than those of the control group（P<0.05）.Conclusion The implementation of the escape room teaching method in the clinical instruction of pediatric nursing interns can enhance students’ theoretical knowledge and operational skills，boost their enthusiasm for learning，and effectively improve the clinical teaching outcomes.

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Practical exploration of the whole life cycle health nursing virtual simulation training base construction ZHANG Yunping, XU Lu, LIU Li, XU Bingzhong, ZHANG Yuling, XIA Liping 2025, 22 (4):  458-463.  doi: 10.3761/j.issn.1672-9234.2025.04.013 Abstract ( 35 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (1881KB) ( 2 )   Save Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics The construction of virtual simulation training base is the demand for high-quality development of vocational nursing education，and it is also a key measure to promote the reform of practical training teaching. In view of the problems existing in the construction of the virtual simulation training base and based on the concept of health service in the whole life cycle，this study clarified the basic principles of base construction，including the aspects of training project reconstruction，environmental construction，resource development，team building，and operation mechanism. Besides，the construction path of the virtual simulation training base for nursing professionals was explored. The aim is to provide reference for promoting the high-quality development of vocational education.

Health Education and Health Promotion

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Identification and classification of blood glucose self-management characteristics in advanced maternal age women with gestational diabetes mellitus：a qualitative user profiling study HUANG Doudou, YAO Yanrong, MA Shilin, ZHANG Guangyi, YANG Lingjuan, MI Guangli, LIU Fengjing 2025, 22 (4):  464-470.  doi: 10.3761/j.issn.1672-9234.2025.04.014 Abstract ( 61 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (1171KB) ( 1 )   Save Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics Objective To explore the characteristics of blood sugar self-management groups among advanced maternal age women with gestational diabetes based on user portraits，and to provide references for subsequent precise intervention.Methods A total of 25 advanced maternal age women diagnosed with gestational diabetes were selected for semi-structured interviews. Qualitative descriptive methodology was employed to analyze the interview data，and the glucose self-management profiles of advanced maternal age women with gestational diabetes were manually extracted and visually presented in tag form to illustrate the characteristics of different groups.Results From the three characteristics of sociodemographic characteristics，cognitive characteristics and behavioral characteristics，three types of blood glucose self-management user portraits of advanced maternal age women with gestational diabetes mellitus were summarized：self-self-control，self-concealment，and historical self-confidence.Conclusion There are significant differences in the glycemic self-management characteristics of pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus of advanced age during pregnancy，and providing scientific and accurate glycemic management for pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus of advanced age in the clinic should take into account the typical characteristics of different groups.

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Home rehabilitation experiences of patients with spinal cord injuries：a qualitative meta-synthesis LU Nan, GOU Xiaoyu, LI Mengjie, YU Wanhui, CHI Jiajing, YANG Lijuan, YANG Teng, YAN Luyao, LI Wen 2025, 22 (4):  471-477.  doi: 10.3761/j.issn.1672-9234.2025.04.015 Abstract ( 45 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (1124KB) ( 1 )   Save Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics Objective To integrate qualitative research on the home rehabilitation experiences of spinal cord injury patients and to help healthcare professionals and stakeholders better understand these experiences.Methods PubMed，Web of Science，Embase，CINAHL，The Cochrane Library，PsycINFO，CNKI，Wanfang Database，VIP Database were searched from database inception to January 2025. Each of the 2 researchers independently screened the literature and extracted information，which was collected and analyzed using a pooled integration approach.Results A total of 11 papers were included，and 50 outcomes were distilled into 12 categories and four integrative outcomes：1）feeling motivated and increasing confidence in home rehabilitation；2）changes in the original life after discharge and perceived obstacle factors and challenges；3）experiencing the threat of the disease and adopting different coping strategies；and 4）perceived unmet support needs and desire for additional assistance.Conclusion The home rehabilitation experiences of patients with spinal cord injury are influenced by a variety of factors，and healthcare professionals should continue to help patients address the barriers and challenges encountered during home rehabilitation in order to improve the quality of home care.

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The Chinese version of adult medication literacy assessment tools：a systematic review ZHANG Saiya, SUN Yize, ZHAO Tianrui, GE Yanhong, LI Ping, ZHANG Lihua 2025, 22 (4):  478-485.  doi: 10.3761/j.issn.1672-9234.2025.04.016 Abstract ( 89 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (1105KB) ( 2 )   Save Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics Objective To conduct a systematic evaluation of Chinese version of medication literacy assessment tools.Methods Databases including PubMed，Web of Science，Embase，Cochrane Library，Scopus，CINAHL，CNKI，Wanfang Data，VIP，and SinoMed were searched for studies related to Chinese version of adult medication literacy assessment tools from the establishment of the databases to November 27，2024. Two researchers independently screened the literature，extracted data，and assessed the measurement properties of the assessment tools and the methodological quality of the related studies based on the Consensus-based Standards for the Selection of Health Measurement Instruments（COSMIN）. Final recommendations were formed according to the modified systematic review evidence grading method.Results A total of 16 articles were included，none of which reported on the cross-cultural validity，measurement error，or responsiveness of the assessment tools. Five assessment tools were recommended as Grade A due to low-quality evidence supporting their content validity and internal consistency as “adequate”，while the remaining assessment tools were recommended as Grade B.Conclusion There is a diversity of Chinese version of adult medication literacy assessment tools，but their quality varies. Five assessment tools，including the Analgesic Medication Literacy Questionnaire for Cancer Pain Patients，can be recommended for temporary use，albeit their measurement properties still require further validation.

Professional Practice

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Construction and application of follow-up list of postoperative patients with oral cancer CAO Changle, LIANG Runwei, GUO Qiong 2025, 22 (4):  486-493.  doi: 10.3761/j.issn.1672-9234.2025.04.017 Abstract ( 92 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (1143KB) ( 6 )   Save Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics Objective To develop a follow-up checklist for postoperative patients with oral cancer，in order to standardize the follow-up contents and procedures.Methods An initial draft of the follow-up checklist for postoperative patients with oral cancer was formulated through literature review and semi-structured interviews. From June 2024 to August 2024，the Delphi method was used to conduct two rounds of consultations with experts to finalize the follow-up checklist for these patients. Using convenience sampling，seven oral care nurses with extensive follow-up experience utilized the checklist to follow up with 15 postoperative patients with oral cancer in August 2024. The researchers then assessed the duration of the follow-up and gathered feedback from both nurses and patients on their experiences.Results The expert response rates for the two rounds of consultations were 94% （16/17） and 100%（16/16），respectively；the expert authority coefficients were 0.94 and 0.95，respectively；and the Kendall’s W coefficients of concordance were 0.250 and 0.207（P<0.001），respectively. The finalized follow-up checklist for postoperative patients with oral cancer comprised four primary items（physiological and physical function，psychological function，family and social function and health information needs），14 secondary items，and 48 tertiary items. The average duration of the follow-up for postoperative patients with oral cancer was（13.03±2.39） minutes；two patients and two nurses proposed suggestions for optimizing the follow-up checklist.Conclusion The follow-up list of postoperative patients with oral cancer is comprehensive and scientific，which can provide reference for the follow-up of postoperative patients with oral cancer.

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Summary of the best evidence for nutritional management in patients with gastrointestinal acute graft-versus-host disease after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation WEN Yanling, YANG Jingwen, WANG Luxing, WANG Tingting, ZHAO Yanmin, WANG Huafen 2025, 22 (4):  494-501.  doi: 10.3761/j.issn.1672-9234.2025.04.018 Abstract ( 57 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (1184KB) ( 1 )   Save Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics Objective To summarize the best evidence on nutritional management for patients with acute graft-versus-host disease（GVHD） of the gastrointestinal tract after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation（HSCT）.Methods Based on the “6S” model，a systematic search was conducted in domestic and foreign computerized decision support systems，guideline websites，websites of relevant professional societies or institutions，and databases. Relevant literature on nutritional management for patients with acute GVHD of the gastrointestinal tract after HSCT was screened，including guidelines，clinical decisions，evidence summaries，expert consensuses，expert opinions，and systematic reviews. The search period was from the establishment of the database to December 2024. The researchers screened the literature，extracted the data，evaluated the quality of the included literature，and afterward，extracted，integrated，and graded the evidence.Results A total of 13 articles were included，including three clinical decisions，three guidelines，one evidence summary，three expert consensuses，and three systematic reviews. A total of 20 best pieces of evidence were summarized from seven aspects，including multidisciplinary collaboration，nutritional risk screening and assessment，nutrient requirements，selection of nutritional support methods，four-step oral diet treatment plan，health education，and nutritional monitoring.Conclusion The best evidence summarized in this study can provide evidence-based basis for nutrition management in patients with acute GVHD of the gastrointestinal tract after HSCT. Healthcare professionals should select and implement the best evidence in combination with clinical realities and the wishes of patients and their families，thereby improving patient outcomes.

Overseas Knowledge

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Interpretation of guideline for reporting systematic reviews of outcome measurement instruments（OMIs）——PRISMA-COSMIN for OMIs 2024 YANG Pan, SHEN Aomei, ZHANG Lichuan, LU Qian 2025, 22 (4):  502-506.  doi: 10.3761/j.issn.1672-9234.2025.04.019 Abstract ( 48 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (881KB) ( 1 )   Save Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics Although there are established methodological guidelines for systematic reviews of outcome measurement instruments（OMIs），the quality and reporting of these reviews remain inconsistent，therefore，hindering the selection of the most appropriate OMIs. To address this issue，the COSMIN Working Group introduced the PRISMA-COSMIN Reporting Guideline，designed to enhance transparency and consistency in systematic reviews of OMIs. This paper outlines the background and development process of the PRISMA-COSMIN guidelines and provides a detailed interpretation of the reporting standards. The aim is to assist domestic researchers in understanding the reporting requirements for systematic evaluations of OMIs and to improve the quality of such reviews continuously.

Riview

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Application and prospects of determinant frameworks in nursing research LI Yang, HU Hui 2025, 22 (4):  507-513.  doi: 10.3761/j.issn.1672-9234.2025.04.020 Abstract ( 89 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (936KB) ( 1 )   Save Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics Determinant framework is one of the most widely used Theoretical Models for Implementations （TMFs） in implementation research. The correct selection and application of TMFs can promote the development of implementation science and improve the effectiveness of nursing implementation intervention. Therefore，this paper introduced the common determinant framework，elaborates on its application in nursing research，which can provide reference for the further development of nursing implementation research.