1. Types of academic misconduct
Referring to the industry standard "Definition of Academic Misconduct in Academic Publications (CY/ T174-2019)", the types of academic misconduct mainly include the following aspects.
Plagiarism
(1) idea plagiarism; (2) data plagiarism; (3) pictures and audio and video plagiarism; (4) research (experimental) method plagiarism; (5) written expression plagiarism; (6) overall plagiarism; (7) other unpublished outcomes plagiarism.
Forgery
(1) fabricate data and pictures which are not obtained from actual investigations or experiments; (2) fabricate research methods and conclusions that do not conform to reality or cannot be repeated; (3) fabricate materials, notes and references that can support the paper; (4) fabricate the funding sources of the relevant research in the paper; (5) fabricate reviewers' information and comments.
Tamper
(1) the original investigation records and experimental data that have been modified, selected, deleted and increased without authorization, are used to change the original investigation records and experimental data; (2) splicing different pictures to construct unreal pictures; (3) remove part or add some fictitious parts from the whole picture to change the interpretation of the picture; (4) enhance, blur, move a particular part of the picture to change the interpretation of the picture; (5) change the original meaning of the cited literature to its advantage.
Improper attribution
(1) those who have not made substantial contributions to the research involved in the paper sign their names in the paper; (2) include them in the list of authors without their consent; (3) the ranking of authors is inconsistent with their actual contributions to the paper; (4) provide false information about the author's title, institutions, education background, research experience.
Multiple submissions
(1) submit the same paper to multiple journals at the same time; (2) submit the paper to other journals again within the agreed reply period of the first submission; (3) submit the manuscript to other journals before receiving formal notification from the journal to confirm the rejection; (4) submit multiple papers with slight differences to multiple journals at the same time; (5) submit the paper to other journals after slightly modifying the paper, before receiving the reply from the journal for the first submission or within the agreed period; (6) in the absence of any explanation, to resubmit the published paper with the original copy or some minor modifications
Repetitive publication
(1) use contents from your own published literature in the paper without citation or explanation; (2) extract some of the contents of your several published papers to stitch together into a new paper and then publish again without any explanation; (3) the allowed second publication does not indicate the source of the first publication; (4) the repeated use of data from a survey or an experiment in multiple papers without citation or explanation; (5) papers based on the same experiment or research with similar or identical methods or conclusions are published multiple times after adding a small amount of data or information each time; (6) co-authors publish similar or identical papers with data, methods and conclusions on the same investigation, experiment and results.
Violation of research ethics
The research involved in the paper did not obtain ethical approval as required, or exceeded the scope of ethical approval, or violated the research ethical norms.
Other academic misconduct
(1) include references that have not been actually referred to; (2) mark the quotations from other literature as direct quotations; (3) the unauthorized use of copyrighted documents requiring permission; (4) entrust third party organizations or others unrelated to the content of the paper to write, submit, modify; (5) publish papers in violation of confidentiality regulations.
2. Prevention of academic misconduct
Chinese Journal of Nursing has taken active and effective measures to prevent the occurrence of academic misconduct and improve its internal control mechanism, and should not intentionally allow the occurrence of academic misconduct. If the publisher or editor of the journal is aware of any allegations of research misconduct, it should actively help to deal with these allegations.
Submission stage
Clear instructions for submission on the official website and magazine: the manuscript should be scientific, practical, reliable, and accurate. Before the paper is published, the author is required to provide a copyright agreement with the official seal of the institution. The agreement requires to clearly indicate that the manuscript is an original work, and the experimental materials, methods, and data are true and reliable. No multiple submission. The authors’ attribution is not disputed and does not involve infringement issues related to confidentiality and other copyright-related issues. The agreement requires each author to sign by hand.
Receiving stage
The editor will use the CNKI’s academic misconduct detection system and Wanfang document similarity detection service system to compare all new submissions. Once the similarity ratio exceeds 30%, the paper will be manually checked again. If the paper is found to be plagiarized, the paper will be rejected.
Review stage
The responsibilities of the reviewer, the author of the article and the editor should be clarified. Manuscripts should be cross-reviewed by at least two experts in the research field from different institutions and regions.
Publication stage
The under published articles are checked and compared again. Once the similarity ratio is more than 30%, the manuscript will be re-checked manually, and it will be rejected once confirmed as plagiarism.
3. Correction and retraction
According to the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (CSE) and the Publication Ethics Committee COPE Misconduct Handling Flowchart (https:// publicationethics.org/guidance/Flowcharts), the journal promptly withdraws the manuscript, publishes a statement of concern and a correction statement. Errors found in the paper are corrected promptly to convey correct and authoritative scientific information to readers.
Retraction
(1) The content of the paper is written, submitted or modified by a third party.
(2) The paper has data forgery and tampering, which makes the results reported in the paper unreliable.
(3) The paper has academic plagiarism. According to different classifications, it can be divided into text plagiarism, diagram plagiarism, or opinion plagiarism, paragraph plagiarism, and full text plagiarism.
(4) The paper has the issues of repeated publication or multiple submissions.
(5) In the process of trial design, implementation, and analysis, the results reported in the paper are not credible due to the author's unsubjective and undeliberate errors.
(6) There are issues in violation of relevant laws and regulations.
Posting a statement
(1) The paper is suspected of academic misconduct, but there is insufficient evidence to determine it as academic misconduct.
(2) The research results are suspected to be unreliable, but the author's institution is unwilling to conduct investigations or does not agree to publish the investigation results.
(3) The interpretations of the author or multiple authors are contradictory.
(4) The investigation is underway, but the final definitive conclusion needs a long time.
Publishing a correction statement
(1) There are errors in part of the content in the paper, especially unsubjective and unintentional errors.
(2) The author's signature is incorrect and needs to be changed.
