Based on the 2024 disciplinary classification system for nursing science，this paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the core concepts，research objects，and methodologies within eight secondary-level disciplines，including Maternal/infant and Pediatric Nursing，Adult and Geriatric Nursing，Health and Chronic Disease Management，Emergency/Critical Care and Disaster Nursing，Traditional Chinese Medicine Nursing，Mental Health & Psychiatry Nursing，Nursing Humanities and Social Sciences，and Interdisciplinary Nursing. The study aims to provide reference for the further development and construction of nursing disciplines and degree programs in China.

This study aims to analyze the current status of the construction of the secondary discipline system in nursing in China. By reviewing policy documents，analyzing enrollment directions for academic master's programs and doctoral programs in nursing in China，2025(excluding Hong Kong，Macao，and Taiwan)，and investigating the establishment of departments and teaching/research units within nursing graduate enrolling institutions，the study identified several key issues：inadequate implementation of policy，weak development of basic and interdisciplinary subjects，and poor coordination within the discipline system. To address these challenges，the study proposes optimization strategies such as strengthening policy enforcement，standardizing enrollment direction settings，and enhancing the alignment between departments and the discipline system. These measures are expected to promote the effective implementation of secondary discipline development in nursing，facilitate standardized and scientific advancement，and enhance the overall competitiveness of nursing discipline.

Objective To analysis the group standards issued by Chinese nursing associations，and provide references for optimizing the construction of secondary nursing disciplines. Methods The group standards issued by nursing associations at all levels were retrieved on the National Group Standard Information Platform from the establishment of the database to May 31，2025. Excel software was used to extract and summarize the key information of the group standards，and Rost CM6 software was used to draw the social network analysis diagram of the group standards. The group standards were classified according to the eight secondary disciplines of nursing. Results A total of 142 group standards were retrieved，and 140 were finally included after screening. Technical operation was an important part of the connotation of group standards，and a systematic standard system had been established from basic nursing operations to specialized nursing technologies. Among the 140 group standards，there were 59 items（42.1%） belonged to adult and geriatric nursing，30 items（21.4%） in health and chronic disease management，20 items（14.3%） belonged to critical care and disaster nursing，9 items（6.4%）in maternal and child nursing，7 items（5.0%） belonged to traditional Chinese medicine nursing，11 items（7.9%） belonged to nursing humanities and social sciences，4 items（2.9%） were in mental health nursing，and none were in interdisciplinary nursing. Conclusion The development of secondary nursing disciplines is insufficient in balance. In the future，efforts should be made to strengthen the construction of weak fields，and the boundaries of the classification system for secondary nursing disciplines require further clarification.

Under the background of specialized development of nursing discipline and the Healthy China strategy，China has established an eight-category secondary discipline framework（including maternal and child nursing，critical care and disaster nursing，etc.） through integrated methods such as literature analysis，philosophical reflection，and expert consultation methods. This development marks a paradigm shift in the discipline from “general nursing” to “refined nursing”. However，the development of secondary disciplines in nursing still encounters multiple challenges in aspects such as the construction of knowledge systems，support for talent cultivation，the deepening of scientific research，and the expansion of practical scopes. To address these issues，this paper proposes applicable implementation strategies，aiming to provide references for the systematic and standardized development of nursing secondary disciplines.

Objective To explore the application effects of CARE（circumstance，assignment，role，evaluation） teaching model in undergraduate internal medicine nursing courses. Methods The convenience sampling method was used to select 135 nursing undergraduate students from the 2022 cohort as research subjects，and CARE teaching model was adopted in Internal Medicine Nursing course，namely establishing a Circumstance Chain to promote knowledge integration，setting up an Assignment Chain to stimulate thinking motivation，providing a Role Chain to train practical skills，and using an Evaluation Chain to facilitate the integration of theory and practice. After the intervention，the teaching effectiveness was evaluated through distributing teaching satisfaction surveys，learning outcome assessments，and reviewing final grades. Results A total of 115 students completed the teaching satisfaction and learning outcomes evaluation questionnaires，with a teaching satisfaction score of（9.17±0.92）；respectively，73.9%，80.0%，and 94.8% of the students reported a significant increase in their overall understanding of systemic diseases，the application of theoretical knowledge，and their willingness to explore nursing knowledge. The total course score for the 2022 cohort of nursing undergraduates was（74.48±7.22） points. Conclusion The CARE teaching model helps enhance students overall thinking，promotes the integration of theory and practice，and encourages the exploration of nursing knowledge，thereby improving teaching quality.

Objective To explore the application effect of advanced narrative fusion problem-based learning （PBL） teaching method in Obstetrics and Gynecology Nursing. Methods A total of 215 undergraduate nursing students from the 2021 grade of a certain university were selected as the research subjects. They were randomly assigned to the control group（99 students） and the experimental group（116 students） based on their classes. The control group received traditional PBL teaching，while the experimental group integrated the advanced narrative teaching approach of “preliminary perception，emotional resonance，and professional identity” on the basis of PBL teaching. The effectiveness of the teaching reform was evaluated using a self-developed teaching satisfaction questionnaire，the Caring Ability Assessment Scale，and the Professional Identity Scale for Nursing Students. Results The nursing students in the experimental group were more than 80% satisfied with the advanced narrative fusion PBL teaching. The caring ability and professional identity of the nursing students in the experimental group were both significantly higher than those of the control group（t=2.652，P=0.009；t=2.242，P=0.026）. Conclusion The advanced narrative fusion PBL teaching has been recognized by students，and can effectively improve the humanistic care ability of nursing students and strengthen their professional identity.

With the acceleration of globalization，international medical cooperation and exchanges have further deepened. As China continues to advance its “Belt and Road” initiative and places increasing emphasis on the role of vocational education “going global” in building a strong educational nation，international development has become a crucial path and an inevitable trend of the high-quality development of nursing vocational education in the new era. This paper focuses on the core concepts and current challenges in the international development of nursing vocational education. It systematically analyzes and comprehensively summarizes the diversified pathways for high-quality internationalization in nursing vocational education. The study elaborates on key aspects，including the exportation of professional standards，international cooperative education programs，curriculum system reform for globalization，cross-cultural humanities exchanges，faculty development，and digital platform construction. These findings provide insights and references for the future international development of nursing vocational education.

Objective To explore the design and application effect of ideological and political education in the situational experiment teaching of Critical Care Nursing. Methods A total of 378 undergraduate students majoring in nursing from a certain university in 2022 were selected as the research subjects. In the scenario based experiential teaching of Critical Care Nursing，course ideological education was designed and implemented around the emergency medical service system and sudden public health emergencies. Before class，the scenario script was designed through the “case-ideological education dual-track” approach. During the class，through role-playing，the content was gradually advanced to include on-site first aid，transportation during the journey，in-hospital treatment，and intensive care. This enabled students to enhance their political identity and professional qualities through immersive experiences and collaborative treatment. After the class，the learned knowledge was extended to society through volunteer activities. The teaching effectiveness was comprehensively analyzed through a multi-dimensional assessment and evaluation system，and the satisfaction of course ideological and political education was also surveyed. Results The assessment results showed that the average score of the comprehensive assessment score of the students was （94.07±1.77） points，indicating that the students achieved good knowledge and ability goals；96% of the students believed that this teaching method was novel，and they had a strong willingness to participate；90% of the students affirmed the educational effect of course ideological and political education. Conclusion The implementation of ideological and political education in the scenario based experimental teaching of Critical Care Nursing has got remarkable results. It has realized the unity of explicit education and implicit education，and promoted the coordinated development of professional knowledge and ideological and political education. It can provide a reference for the reform of course ideological and political education in similar institutions.

Objective To construct a humanistic care teaching program for nursing undergraduates and explore its application effect in the Comprehensive Nursing Training course. Methods Based on the five steps of Swanson's Humanistic Care Theory，a humanistic care teaching program for nursing undergraduates was formulated through literature retrieval，interviews and expert consultation. Using the convenience sampling method，from March to June 2024，the third-year nursing undergraduates of the 2021 Grade from a certain university in Anhui Province were randomly divided into the control group（n=61） and the experimental group（n=56） according to their classes. In the Comprehensive Nursing Training course，the humanistic care teaching program was applied to the teaching of the experimental group，while the control group received conventional teaching. The humanistic care ability，empathy ability and final assessment results of the two groups were compared after the course. Results After the course，the scores of humanistic care ability，empathy ability and case analysis in the experimental group were higher than those of the control group（P<0.05）. Conclusion The constructed humanistic care teaching program for nursing undergraduates is scientific and feasible. Its application in the Comprehensive Nursing Training course can improve students’ humanistic care ability，empathy ability and case analysis performance，which is worthy of promotion.

Objective To construct a hierarchical training program for patient safety competence of operating room nurses and evaluate its preliminary application effect. Methods The first draft of the program was formulated based on literature review and questionnaire survey. From December 2024 to January 2025，the Delphi method was used to conduct two rounds of consultation with 16 experts in related fields，and the program was formed. From April 2025 to June 2025，42 nurses in the operating room of a tertiary grade A general hospital in Chongqing were trained based on the program. The results of comprehensive quantitative assessment of nurses，the changes in self-assessed scores of patient safety competence before and after training，and their satisfaction with the training were analyzed. Results The positive coefficients of experts in the two rounds of letter consultation were 94.1% and 100.0% respectively，the authority coefficient were 0.906 and 0.912 respectively，and the Kendall's W coefficients were 0.319 and 0.329 respectively（all P<0.001）. The final program was divided into basic training program and advanced training program，each included seven modules：training objects，training objectives，training content，training methods，class hour arrangement，training instructors，and training evaluation. The theoretical assessment score of the basic training group was（89.23±3.85），and the one-time pass rate of the skill assessment was 92%；the pass rates of case analysis reports and evidence-based project design books in the advanced training group were both 100%. The self-assessed scores of nurses’ patient safety competence after training was higher than those before the training（P<0.001），and nurses’ satisfaction with the program was 98%. Conclusion The hierarchical training program for patient safety competence of operating room nurses is scientific and reliable，which helps to improve the patient safety competence of operating room nurses，and can provide reference，basis and practical guidance for hospitals to carry out patient safety training for operating room nurses.

Objective To explore the application effect of theme-based games in the training of psychiatric nurses on the management of patients’ aggressive behaviors. Methods In October 2024，60 psychiatric nurses from ten wards of a tertiary A-level psychiatric hospital in Zhejiang Province were selected as the participants by convenience sampling. They were divided into a control group（n=30） and an experimental group（n=30）. Regarding the management of patients’ aggressive behaviors，the control group received training combining theoretical lectures and on-site practical training，while the experimental group received training based on theme-based games. The scores of theoretical knowledge assessment on patients’ aggressive behavior management，workplace violence response resources，and self-confidence scores of the two groups before and after training were compared. Results After the training，the scores of theoretical knowledge assessment on patients’ aggressive behavior management，workplace violence response resources，and self-confidence scores of the experimental group were better than those of the control group（t=5.794，4.943，5.877，all P<0.001）. Conclusion Theme-based games can improve the effect of training for psychiatric nurses on the management of patients’ aggressive behaviors，and enhance nurses’ workplace violence response resources and self-confidence levels，which is worthy of promotion.

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of a porcine lung-based bionic simulation system in mechanical ventilator training for junior nurses in the emergency department. Methods The ventilator application training was conducted for 22 junior nurses in the emergency department of a public tertiary hospital. An ex-vivo porcine lung was used to create a bionic teaching tool connected to a ventilator for simulated demonstrations and case-based instruction. Assessments were conducted on the trainees at three time points：before training（T0），after theoretical training（T1），and after porcine lung simulation training （T2）. Assessments included theoretical knowledge tests，operational skills tests，and the Chinese version of the Nurses’ Professional Self-Efficacy Scale. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way repeated-measures ANOVA. Results Significant differences were observed across the three time points in trainees’ scores for theoretical knowledge（F=30.791，P<0.001），operational skills（F=57.460，P<0.001），and self-efficacy（F=230.156，P<0.001）. Further pairwise comparisons revealed that the trainees’ scores at T1 and T2 were significantly higher than those at T0（P<0.05）. Moreover，operational skills and self-efficacy scores at T2 were significantly higher than those at T1（P<0.05）. Conclusion The ex-vivo porcine lung bionic simulation system is feasible for mechanical ventilator training in the emergency department. It effectively enhances trainees’ theoretical knowledge，operational proficiency，and professional self-efficacy. This study can provide a reference for optimizing training programs for emergency department nurses.

Objective To construct a training program of nursing risk management capabilities for newly recruited nurses and explore its practical effect. Methods A teaching group was established firstly. Through literature review，semi-structured interviews and group discussions，the training program was determined. Through building a teaching team，establishing a training and management platform，and relying on the simulation teaching skills center，a blended training was implemented，including online theoretical learning，comprehensive case training in nursing risk management scenarios，and simulation exercises based on an AI-driven scenario construction engine for nursing risk management. Results The teaching group completed the nursing risk management training for 158 new nurses，with a pass rate of 95.7%（including theoretical assessment and simulation exercises）. The evaluations from examiners and standardized patients for the participant were all above good（≥80 points）. Conclusion The training program of nursing risk management capabilities for newly recruited nurses is relatively scientific and targeted，which is helpful in cultivating the comprehensive capabilities in nursing risk management and can provide a reference for the nursing risk management education for newly recruited nurses.

Objective To explore the application effect of the progressive training model oriented by core competence cultivation in the training of newly recruited nurses. Methods By using the convenience sampling method，42 newly recruited nurses in 2021 were selected as the control group，and 40 newly recruited nurses in 2022 were selected as the experimental group. The control group adopted the traditional standardized training model，while the experimental group adopted the progressive training model oriented towards core competence cultivation. The core competence，assessment results，and training satisfaction of the two groups were compared. Results The core competence，theoretical and skill assessment scores and training satisfaction of the experimental group were significantly better than those of the control group（P<0.05）. Conclusion The progressive training model oriented towards core competence cultivation can effectively enhance the professional competence level of newly recruited nurses and their training satisfaction，and is worthy of promotion and application. In the future，we will further strengthen homogeneous management among departments through the information management platform，enhance the training of teaching staff，and improve the evaluation and feedback mechanism to assist newly recruited nurses.

Objective To construct the health education content for home enteral nutrition for patients after esophageal cancer surgery and evaluate its clinical application effect. Methods The first draft of the content was formulated through literature research and group discussion，and the final draft was formed after two rounds of expert consultation. Using the convenience sampling method，94 patients who underwent esophageal cancer resection in a Grade-A tertiary hospital in Hebei Province from March to August 2024 were selected as the participants. The patients who underwent surgery from March to May were included in the control group，and those who underwent surgery from June to August were included in the experimental group，with 47 cases in each group. The control group received routine health education，while the experimental group received health education based on the constructed health education content. The incidence of complications during the intervention period，nutritional indicators（body weight，serum albumin） before and 4 weeks after the intervention，and the quality of life scores 4 weeks after the intervention were compared between the two groups. Results The constructed content consisted of six first-level items，27 second-level items，and 18 third-level items；the consistency ratio of items at all levels was <0.001~0.052. Finally，43 cases in the experimental group and 45 cases in the control group completed the study. The overall incidence of complications and the incidence of diarrhea in the experimental group during the intervention period were lower than those in the control group（P<0.05）. There was no statistically significant difference in the body weight of the experimental group 4 weeks after the intervention compared with that before the intervention（P>0.05），while the body weight of the control group decreased significantly（P<0.001）；the total quality of life score of the experimental group was higher than that of the control group（P<0.05）. Conclusion The constructed health education content for home enteral nutrition for patients after esophageal cancer surgery in this study is highly scientific and systematic. Health education based on it can effectively maintain the nutritional status of patients，reduce the incidence of complications，and improve their quality of life.

Objective To construct a self-management intervention program for elderly patients with sarcopenia in the community and evaluate its application effect. Methods Based on the Health Empowerment Theory，a self-management intervention program for elderly patients with sarcopenia in the community was constructed through literature review and expert meeting method. A total of 72 elderly patients with sarcopenia who were treated in the geriatrics department of a grade A tertiary hospital in City Nanjing from June to September 2024 were selected as the participants，and they were randomly divided into the control group（n=36） and the experimental group（n=36）. The control group received routine care，while the experimental group was intervened based on the constructed self-management intervention program for elderly patients with sarcopenia in the community. The health empowerment and chronic disease self-management level of the two groups were compared before and after intervention. The skeletal muscle mass index（SMI），6-meter walking speed and upper limb grip strength of the two groups were compared before intervention，and 4 weeks，8 weeks and 12 weeks after intervention. Results After the intervention，the health empowerment and chronic disease self-management level of the experimental group were higher than those of the control group（P<0.05）. Repeated measures analysis of variance showed that the interaction effects of SMI，6-meter walking speed，upper limb grip strength time and group before intervention，4 weeks，8 weeks and 12 weeks after intervention were statistically significant（P<0.05）. The SMI and upper limb grip strength of the experimental group at 4 weeks，8 weeks and 12 weeks after intervention were better than those of the control group （P<0.05），and the 6-meter walking speed at 8 weeks and 12 weeks after intervention was faster than that of the control group（P<0.05）. Conclusion The application of the self-management intervention program for elderly patients with sarcopenia in the community can improve their health empowerment and chronic disease self-management level，and alleviate their sarcopenia.

Objective To construct a dynamic and adaptive pulmonary rehabilitation strategy led by critical care specialty nurses and to verify its application effect. Methods Using the convenience sampling，patients with critical condition transferred from the general ICU to the ward at a tertiary hospital in Zhejiang Province were selected. Based on the transfer time，472 patients transferred from May 2023 to October 2023 were chosen as the control group and received routine follow-up management；456 patients transferred from November 2023 to April 2024 were selected as the experimental group and underwent a transitional dynamic adaptive pulmonary rehabilitation strategy led by critical care specialty nurses. The differences in ICU readmission rate，incidence of hypoxemia，hospitalization time，and pulmonary function scores after transfer were compared between the two groups. Results There were statistically significant differences between the control and experimental groups in terms of ICU readmission rate，incidence of hypoxemia，and total hospital stay（P<0.05）. However，there were no statistically significant differences in ICU hospitalization time，forced vital capacity，and first-second expiratory volume score（P>0.05）. Conclusion Implementing a transitional dynamic adaptive pulmonary rehabilitation strategy led by critical care specialty nurses can reduce the ICU readmission rate and shorten the total length of hospital stay.

Objective To develop a non-pharmacological decision aid for perimenopausal symptom management，to provide reference for perimenopausal symptom management and shared decision-making between doctors and patients. Methods Based on the Ottawa Decision Support Framework and guided by the development process for patient decision aids in China，a draft decision worksheet and handbook were developed through literature review，network meta-analysis，and evidence synthesis. The worksheet was revised through two rounds of Delphi consultation，and the content and format of the handbook were finalized via expert meetings. External review was conducted to assess the tool's usability and acceptability. A pilot study with 20 women was carried out to evaluate the tool's readability and feasibility through interviews，leading to the finalized version. Results The positive coefficients of the experts in the two rounds of expert inquiries were 85% and 100% respectively，and the authority coefficients were both 0.888. The coordination coefficients were 0.296 and 0.384（P<0.05）. The authority coefficient of the expert meeting was 0.865. The external review indicated that the tool was of high quality and met the application conditions. In the pilot study，95% of women found the information clear，showing good readability and feasibility. The final tool included a worksheet with four primary items，13 secondary items，and 59 tertiary items，plus a 64-page handbook including non-pharmacological decision guide for menopause symptom management，menopause knowledge，symptom assessment，lifestyle modifications，non-drug therapies，appendix. Conclusion The tool is scientific and applicable. By combining the best evidence and the value preferences of women，it can provide a reference for decision-making in the management of perimenopausal symptoms.

Objective To analyze the potential profile of kinesiophobia in stroke patients with hemiplegia and the influencing factors of different profile categories. Methods From June 2024 to January 2025，convenience sampling was used to select 247 stroke patients with hemiplegia in the Neurology Department of a Class Ⅲ Grade A hospital in Hebei Province as the participants. The general information questionnaire，Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia，Exercise Self-Efficacy Scale，Perceived Social Support Scale，and Exercise Barriers Scale were used to investigate. Latent profile analysis and multiple Logistic regression were used to analyze the latent profile of kinesiophobia and its influencing factors in stroke patients with hemiplegia. Results Among the 247 stroke patients with hemiplegia，170 cases（68.8%） had kinesiophobia. The results of latent profile analysis showed that the kinesiophobia of stroke patients could be divided into three latent categories：autonomous regulation - exercise adaptation group（C1，38.5%），pain dominated-exercise caution group（C2，35.6%），and injury sensitivity - exercise avoidance group（C3，25.9%）. Compared with C1，patients without a history of falls in the past year and those with higher scores of perceived social support were less likely to be classified into C2 and C3；patients with higher pain scores at admission were more likely to be classified into C2；patients with higher scores of exercise self-efficacy were less likely to be classified into C2； patients with higher scores of exercise barriers were more likely to be classified into C2 and C3（P<0.05）. Conclusion The incidence of kinesiophobia in stroke patients with hemiplegia is high，and there is heterogeneity. Medical staff should carry out precise interventions according to the characteristics and influencing factors of different groups to reduce the level of kinesiophobia in stroke patients with hemiplegia and improve the effect of exercise therapy.