Objective To explore the impact of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy and its predictors on psychological well-being among cancer patients based on the Theory of Unpleasant Symptoms. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 302 cancer patients from one tertiary hospitals. Patients were assessed with questionnaires of Patient Health Questionnaire-9,Perceived Social Support Scale,Chemotherapy-induced Peripheral Neuropathy Assessment Tool,and Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General from July 2018 to July 2019. Results Cancer stage(β=0.09,P=0.016),depression(β=0.70,P<0.001)and social support(β=-0.11,P<0.001)had a direct effect on chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy,and chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy had a direct effect on quality of life(β=-0.83,P<0.001). Cancer stage,depressionand social support had significant indirect effects on quality of life. Conclusion Cancer stage,depression and social support are the main factors affecting the chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy,and these predictors have significant indirect impact on quality of life among cancer patients,which is of great significance for controlling the incidence of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy and improving the quality of life of cancer patients.