Table of Content

15 June 2026, Volume 23 Issue 6 Previous Issue   

Palliative Care Education and Talent Development

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Current status，problems and strategies of palliative care education in the nursing field in China LU Haixia, LI Huiling, YAO Yi, CHEN Hua, YUE Peng, WU Yanming, SUN Hongyu, CHEN Yongyi 2026, 23 (6):  645-650.  doi: 10.3761/j.issn.1672-9234.2026.06.001 Abstract ( 32 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (1346KB) ( 5 )   Save References | Related Articles | Metrics Objective To understand the current status of palliative care education in the field of nursing in China，analyze existing problems，and propose corresponding strategies. Methods Using a purposive sampling method, a questionnaire survey was conducted in December 2025 among nursing colleges nationwide, with two medical institutions responsible for palliative care teaching included as supplementary samples. Results Data were collected from 60 institutions across 25 provinces（autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government）. Most surveyed units had implemented palliative care courses covering vocational，undergraduate，and postgraduate levels. Exploration had been conducted in areas such as textbook and curriculum resource development，as well as the training of specialty nurses. However，challenges remained，including insufficient professional program settings，inconsistent curriculum standards，inadequate sharing of high-quality resources，and unbalanced regional development. Conclusion Palliative care education in China’s nursing field has been implemented across multiple educational levels but requires further standardization and improvement. It is recommended to strengthen top-level planning，advance the development of curricula and textbooks，promote the co-construction and sharing of high-quality resources，and deepen the integration of medical education and clinical practice to enhance the quality of talent cultivation.

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Development of a conceptual framework for nursing life-and-death education centered on enhancing students’ self-life care CHEN Zhibing, GUO Yiqiang, ZHU Mingxia 2026, 23 (6):  650-655.  doi: 10.3761/j.issn.1672-9234.2026.06.002 Abstract ( 19 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (1065KB) ( 0 )   Save Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics In the current era of rapid development in medical technology，the emphasis on life-saving measures often overshadows the importance of individualized life care during the growth process，leading to an imbalance between technological advancement and life care. Nursing students，who are both college students and the future backbone of healthcare services，frequently encounter situations involving death，dying and end-of-life care. Therefore，they need to establish self-life care. The core element of life care namely living with dignity is also a crucial factor influencing the quality of individual life. This article reviews relevant literature on the concepts and core elements of love and self-life care，as well as the intrinsic connection between death and life education and self-life care. Key concepts were extracted from Kolb’s experiential learning theory and presented the theoretical structure in a framework diagram，effectively guiding the transformation of theory from the abstract to the concrete. Based on this，a conceptual framework for death and life education grounded in experiential learning theory that aligns with China’s sociocultural context is developed，providing a theoretical basis for the subsequent in-depth implementation of death and life education intervention in colleges and universities.

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Development of a competency-based training program for life-and-death education course teachers in medical schools ZHAO Jinglin, XIAO Yao, XU Lijie, YUE Peng 2026, 23 (6):  656-662.  doi: 10.3761/j.issn.1672-9234.2026.06.003 Abstract ( 16 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (1244KB) ( 0 )   Save Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics Objective To develop a competency-based training program for teachers of life-and-death education courses in medical schools，so as to provide a reference for the construction of a qualified teaching workforce in life-and-death education in China. Methods Based on preliminary studies，constructivist learning theory was adopted as the theoretical framework. A preliminary training program framework for teachers of life-and-death education courses in medical schools was developed through a systematic literature review. The Delphi method was then used to conduct two rounds of expert consultations to screen，revise，and refine the program contents. Results The effective response rate of expert questionnaires in both Delphi rounds was 100%. The expert authority coefficient was 0.91. Kendall’s coefficient of concordance was 0.368 in the first round and 0.404 in the second round（both P<0.001），indicating a high level of expert agreement. The final competency-based training program for teachers of life-and-death education courses in medical schools was established，comprising three components：teacher admission criteria，training contents and formats，and assessment criteria. Conclusion This study preliminarily develops a competency-based training program for teachers of life-and-death education courses in medical schools，which may provide a reference for teacher training in related fields.

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Construction of a core competency framework for advanced practice nurses in hospice care：a qualitative study from the perspective of multiple subjects XU Hui, LU Meiling, ZHENG Rujun, ZHUANG Jiayuan, DONG Xue, WANG Juan, CHEN Yongyi 2026, 23 (6):  663-670.  doi: 10.3761/j.issn.1672-9234.2026.06.004 Abstract ( 13 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (1521KB) ( 0 )   Save Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics Objective To explore the core competencies for advanced practice nurses （APN） in palliative care from the diverse perspectives of nursing managers，palliative care specialty nurses，and doctors，so as to provide a basis for constructing a localized core competency framework for APN and subsequent training curriculum development. Methods A descriptive qualitative research design was adopted，based on Hamric’s APN core competency framework. From August to October 2025，semi-structured interviews were conducted with 13 nursing managers，11 hospice care specialty nurses，and five physicians from nine province-level region across the country using purposive sampling. Thematic analysis was used for data analysis. Results Three core competency domains for hospice care APN were extracted，containing 20 specific competency items：advanced clinical practice competencies（ten items，including assessment and management of complex symptoms，the ability to provide care for patients with multiple comorbidities，and the ability to identify and address ethical and legal issues，etc.）；research competencies（six items，including research topics selection ability，evidence-based evidence integration ability，quality improvement and data analysis ability，etc.）；and humanistic leadership and educational competencies（four items，including leadership in multidisciplinary and resource coordination，education and training guidance ability，etc.） Conclusion The core competencies of hospice care APN constitute a multidimensional and advanced capability system. It is recommended that training courses based on the core competency framework be systematically developed in the future to cultivate professionals capable of coping with complex clinical situations and promoting the development of the discipline.

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A qualitative study on the authentic experiences of trainees participating in a hospice care train-the-trainer program ZHANG Yuhong, DONG Wei, WAN Yonghui, ZHANG Qing, ZHOU Wei, QIU Yanru 2026, 23 (6):  670-675.  doi: 10.3761/j.issn.1672-9234.2026.06.005 Abstract ( 13 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (1138KB) ( 0 )   Save Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics Objective To explore the authentic experiences of trainees participating in the End-of-Life Nursing Education Consortium（ELNEC） hospice care train-the-trainer program，and to understand the deep-seated barriers and emotional motivations in their learning and practice from a subjective perspective，thereby providing insights for optimizing palliative care educator training. Methods Using purposive sampling method，trainees who participated in the training in 2024 were selected as the research objects，and the Colaizzi phenomenological seven-step method was used for analysis. Results A total of 12 trainees were interviewed. Finally，four themes emerged，including the gap between ideals and reality，role extension from learner to disseminator，practical adaptation in local contexts，and significance corroboration of career under dual feedback. Conclusion The influence of the ELNEC train-the-trainer program is not limited to knowledge acquisition，but shows a dynamic transformation process from cognitive imbalance，role extension，practice adjustment to significance confirmation. The effect of hospice care trainer training is not only about knowledge transmission，but also about promoting the trainees to complete role construction and strengthen professional identity in the local culture and clinical contexts. It is recommended that future training should optimize the curriculum and support system based on the experience of trainees，so as to improve effectiveness and localization.

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Implementation and effectiveness evaluation of a training program on palliative care core competencies for hematology nurses YUAN Fei, GU Haifeng, YIN Yu, XU Mei, DAI Qianyuan, XU Xiaowei 2026, 23 (6):  676-682.  doi: 10.3761/j.issn.1672-9234.2026.06.006 Abstract ( 14 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (1264KB) ( 0 )   Save Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics Objective To evaluate the effect of a blended training program based on the Outcome-Based Education（OBE） concept on enhancing the core competencies in palliative care among hematology nurses. Methods A total of 90 hematology nurses from two campuses of a tertiary Grade A hospital in Hangzhou were conveniently selected and assigned into an intervention group（n=45） and a control group（n=45） according to campus. The control group received routine online video training，while the intervention group underwent a blended training program based on the OBE concept. The Knowledge-Attitude-Practice questionnaire for palliative care was used to assess both groups before and after the training. Independent-samples t-tests were performed for between-group comparisons. Results After the training，the total scores and the scores across the knowledge，attitude，and practice dimensions of the intervention group were significantly higher than those of the control group（all P<0.05）. Conclusion The blended training program based on the OBE concept can effectively enhance hematology nurses’ knowledge，positive attitudes，and practical skills regarding palliative care. It proves to be an effective strategy for cultivating core competencies of hematoloty nurses，though its long-term effect requires further validation.

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Construction and practice of an AI-empowered intelligent course in Nursing Ethics YE Lei, ZHUANG Mengyi, HE Ying, GUO Qiaohong, YU Huidan, LIANG Fang, LÜ Qin, YANG Bingxiang, GUO Jia 2026, 23 (6):  683-689.  doi: 10.3761/j.issn.1672-9234.2026.06.007 Abstract ( 16 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (1543KB) ( 0 )   Save Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics Objective To construct an artificial intelligence（AI）-empowered Nursing Ethics course and evaluate its teaching effectiveness. Methods A cross-university virtual teaching and research group was established to jointly built smart teaching resources，including knowledge maps，case libraries，and MOOCs. On this basis，a smart platform for the Nursing Ethics course was created，incorporating AI-supported learning analytics and AI practice tasks. Relying on this platform and guided by the outcome-based education concept，a smart teaching model of “pre-class autonomous learning with AI-supported learning analytics，in-class case-guided interactive discussion，post-class tests and AI practice tasks” was designed. The teaching practice was implemented among 100 undergraduate nursing students of grade 2024 in a university in Hunan Province. After the course，teaching effectiveness was evaluated by comparing their final theoretical examination scores with those of grade 2023 students，as well as through student satisfaction and usage experience surveys. Results The final theoretical examination score of grade 2024 students （76.26±4.44） was significantly higher than that of grade 2023 students （71.28±5.38，P<0.001）. The overall satisfaction rate was 97%. Students acknowledged the role of knowledge map autonomous learning in constructing the knowledge system，and believed that AI practice tasks were closely integrated with clinical scenarios. Conclusion This smart course integrates virtual teaching and research groups，smart teaching resources，AI-supported learning analytics，and AI practice tasks，shifting the focus from knowledge transmission within limited class hours to the cultivation of autonomous learning，scenario immersion，and deep thinking abilities，and may provide a reference for the construction of other smart courses in nursing education.

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Analysis of the gap between nursing students’ acceptance and use behavior of artificial intelligence technology in courses and its causes JIN Wentao, ZHAO Juanjuan, CAO Xi, BAI Yang, CHENG Li, ZHENG Jing, LI Kun 2026, 23 (6):  689-696.  doi: 10.3761/j.issn.1672-9234.2026.06.008 Abstract ( 13 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (1311KB) ( 0 )   Save Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics Objective To explore the gap between nursing students’ acceptance of artificial intelligence（AI） technology in courses and their actual use behavior，as well as the underlying causes. Methods An explanatory sequential mixed-methods design was adopted. In June 2025，a convenience sample of 72 nursing students was recruited from three nursing AI-enhanced courses. A self-designed questionnaire on technology acceptance and a use behavior survey were used for data collection. From July to August 2025，purposive sampling was employed to select 12 students and 5 teachers for semi-structured interviews，and interview data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Results Quantitative results showed that among the 72 students，the acceptance of AI technology in the courses was moderately high（median of the mean item score of the questionnaire was 3.93 points），compared with the midpoint score of 3 on the scale. However，the frequency of actual use was low，with only 14% of students reporting using AI frequently（4-6 times per week） or daily，indicating a cognition-behavior gap. Qualitative findings suggested that this gap was attributed to a mismatch between platform functions and learning needs，insufficient motivation to use AI，limited AI literacy，and inertia in traditional learning habits. Conclusion There is a gap between nursing students’ technology acceptance of AI-enhanced courses and their actual use behavior. Targeted measures，including demand-oriented function optimization，strengthening use motivation，providing AI literacy training，and organically integrating AI into teaching，are needed to narrow this gap and promote the development and application of nursing AI-enhanced courses.

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Cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric testing of the Scale for the Assessment of Non-experts’ Artificial Intelligence Literacy among nursing students CHEN Shuozhen, LI Yongtao, ZENG Fenlian, LUO Qian, CHEN Yao, TANG Weiwei, WU Xueshuang, KONG Lingna 2026, 23 (6):  697-704.  doi: 10.3761/j.issn.1672-9234.2026.06.009 Abstract ( 16 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (1516KB) ( 0 )   Save Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics Objective To translate and culturally adapt the Scale for the Assessment of Non-experts’Artificial Intelligence Literacy（SNAIL） into Chinese，and to evaluate its reliability and validity among nursing students. Methods The Chinese version of SNAIL（SNAIL-C） was developed through a modified Brislin translation，including translation，cross-cultural adaptation，and a pilot test. Nursing students from four undergraduate midical universities in Guizhou Province and Chongqing Municipality were conveniently selected as participants and surveyed with SNAIL-C to assess its psychometric properties. Results The SNAIL-C consisted of 31 items across three dimensions：Technical Understanding，Critical Appraisal，and Practical Application. The critical ratios of each item ranged from 8.719 to 17.810（all P<0.001）. The correlation coefficients between the score of each item and the total scale score were 0.319 to 0.554（all P<0.05）. The item-level content validity index ranged from 0.769 to 1.000，and the average scale-level content validity index was 0.950. Exploratory factor analysis extracted three common factors，with a cumulative variance contribution of 46.798% and factor loadings ranging from 0.601 to 0.737. Confirmatory factor analysis showed good model fit（χ2/df=1.005，RMSEA=0.004，CFI=0.999，TLI=0.999）. The average variance extracted（AVE） of each dimension ranged from 0.493 to 0.506，and the composite reliability of each dimension ranged from 0.871 to 0.916. The square root of the AVE for each dimension was greater than the correlation coefficients between that dimension and other dimensions. The Cronbach’s α of the total scale was 0.898，and that of each dimension ranged from 0.783 to 0.873. Conclusion The SNAIL-C demonstrates good reliability and validity. It can serve as a reliable tool for evaluating AI literacy among nursing undergraduates in China.

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Artificial intelligence applications in undergraduate nursing education：a scoping review CAO Caiyi, LIU Xinyuan, WU Liping, XIE Wan, LU Hong, HAN Shuai, ZHANG Weichun 2026, 23 (6):  704-712.  Abstract ( 11 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (1516KB) ( 0 )   Save Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics Objective To conduct a scoping review on the application scenarios，teaching functions，and effectiveness of artificial intelligence（AI） in undergraduate nursing education. Methods Following the scoping review framework proposed by Arksey and O’Malley，a systematic search was conducted in PubMed，CINAHL，Embase，Web of Science，CNKI，Wanfang，and VIP databases for studies involving the application of AI in undergraduate nursing education from database inception to September 28，2025. Two researchers independently performed literature screening，data extraction，and thematic analysis of the included studies. Results A total of 26 articles were included. The application scenarios of AI in undergraduate nursing education were primarily concentrated on classroom teaching and self-directed learning，with learning evaluation being the least explored area. The educational functions of AI encompassed generative scenarios and skill training，intelligent tutoring and personalized guidance，learning evaluation and feedback，teaching content generation and presentation，as well as comprehensive support and general-purpose tools，often embedded in teaching processes in combined forms. The application effects were uneven：while AI demonstrated clear value in knowledge retention，skill training，and enhancing AI literacy，its effectiveness in cultivating deeper competencies such as ethical decision-making and empathy was limited，and its use may be accompanied by anxiety or dependency risks. Conclusion AI is deeply integrated into undergraduate nursing education，achieving certain application results in its application within this field，yet it still faces challenges and difficulties. Future research should further explore human-AI collaborative teaching design and the construction of a systematic AI literacy and ethics education framework.

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Development and teaching implementation of an integrated nursing-management curriculum：practices and outcomes XIE Xiaofeng, LI Ka, YAO Liming, QING Ping, CUI Jinbo, ZHU Ling, ZHANG Fengying 2026, 23 (6):  713-718.  doi: 10.3761/j.issn.1672-9234.2026.06.011 Abstract ( 9 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (1033KB) ( 0 )   Save Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics To address the urgent demand for interdisciplinary nursing talents under the “Healthy China 2030” Strategy and resolve the “curriculum patchwork” dilemma in nursing-management integration，the West China School of Nursing and School of Business，Sichuan University，collaboratively developed and implemented an integrated curriculum system for the “Nursing + Management” dual bachelor’s program. Guided by “integrated education” and targeting interdisciplinary thinking cultivation，the curriculum adopted reverse design to form a three-module structured framework：“core nursing + core management + nursing management integration & innovation”，anchored in real medical and health management issues. In teaching implementation，a “dual-mentor system” and joint research mechanism were established to build an interdisciplinary team；a localized case library （23 cases） with supporting materials was developed；and a “case-driven，project-oriented” strategy was adopted to connect hospital operations and health industry innovation through classroom projects and simulations. Preliminary results showed the curriculum effectively enhanced students’ knowledge integration and application capabilities，with 92% recognizing its role in promoting inter-disciplinary links. Students completed 24 feasible business plans and hospital optimization schemes. This study demonstrates that systematic curriculum integration and teaching innovation can break disciplinary barriers，offering a replicable path to cultivating talents who “proficient in nursing and skilled in management”.

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Designing and implementing ideological education in Geriatric Nursing：a scenario-based simulation approach WANG Lin, ZHOU Ying, TAO Xingjuan 2026, 23 (6):  718-723.  doi: 10.3761/j.issn.1672-9234.2026.06.012 Abstract ( 11 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (984KB) ( 0 )   Save Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics Objective To explore the instructional design and practical outcomes of integrating ideological and political education into scenario-driven simulation-based teaching in the Geriatric Nursing courses. Methods A total of 60 fourth-year nursing undergraduates participated in scenario-driven simulation teaching. The instructional design integrated ideological-political elements through use of aging-simulation suits，role-playing，and reflection prompts embedded in simulated practice and guided debriefing. Students wrote reflective journals after the experience. Content analysis was applied to these reflective journals to evaluate the educational outcomes. Results Four core themes emerged：emotional resonance（from physiological needs to psychological dignity），professional perception（from technical execution to dignity preservation），responsibility cognition（from aiding individuals to transforming systems），and behavioral transformation（from functional improvement to dignity prioritization）. Conclusion By constructing immersive scenarios and designing “critical events that trigger value reflection，” the simulation enables students to personally experience functional limitation，thereby gaining a profound understanding of older adults’ need for respect. This experience facilitates internalization of the professional responsibility to safeguard dignity.

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Practice and effect evaluation of integrating traditional Chinese medicine science popularization into the course of Traditional Chinese Medicine Nursing GONG Yuanyuan, LI Qiong, HUANG Qi, OUYANG Linqi, GAO Bin 2026, 23 (6):  724-731.  doi: 10.3761/j.issn.1672-9234.2026.06.013 Abstract ( 12 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (1272KB) ( 0 )   Save Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics Objective To explore the effect of systematically integrating traditional Chinese medicine（TCM） science popularization practice into the TCM nursing course on nursing students. Methods From September 2025 to January 2026，a total of 206 students from four classes of Grade 2024 nursing major in a higher vocational college were selected as participants and divided into an experimental group and a control group by cluster sampling，with two classes（103 students） in each group. The control group received routine TCM nursing courses teaching. On this basis，the experimental group additionally participated in TCM science popularization practice activities tailored to course content in the second classroom. The two groups were compared in terms of course scores，TCM health literacy after the course，and TCM science popularization competence before and after the course. Course satisfaction of students in the experimental group was evaluated. Results After the course，the total course scores，TCM health literacy scores and overall scores of TCM science popularization competence in the experimental group were significantly higher than those in the control group（P<0.001）. In the experimental group，94.1%-100.0% of students expressed positive overall satisfaction（very satisfied or satisfied） to all items in the course satisfaction questionnaire. Conclusion The integration of TCM science popularization transformation tasks and second-classroom practice into the TCM nursing course can effectively improve nursing students’ TCM science popularization competence，academic performance and TCM health literacy with high student satisfaction.

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Effective pathways for cultivating empathy ability among nursing students：a systematic review ZHANG Yunping, FAN Rong, XIA Liping 2026, 23 (6):  731-739.  doi: 10.3761/j.issn.1672-9234.2026.06.014 Abstract ( 12 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (1179KB) ( 0 )   Save Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics Objective To systematically review the effective pathways for cultivating empathy among nursing students. Methods A systematic search was conducted in databases including PubMed，CINAHL，Scopus，Cochrane Library，Web of Science，CNKI，Wanfang and VIP from January 1，2010 to March 9，2025 to obtain studies on effective cultivation of empathy ability among nursing students. After screening the literature，extracting data，and evaluating the methodological quality of the included studies by two researchers independently，a descriptive analysis was conducted on the empathy education theories，strategies，formats，duration，and assessment tools. Results A total of 31 articles were included. Empathy education involved seven theories such as transformative learning theory，Kolb’s experiential learning theory，and Jeffries’ simulation teaching theory. The educational strategies could be classified into five categories：simulation training and situational experiential teaching，narrative education，mindfulness training，structured skills training and digital technology-assisted education. The educational formats were divided into independent projects and course-integrated projects. According to duration，the empathy education could be classified as short-term（≤8 h），medium-term（>8-16 h），and long-term（>16 h） projects. A total of ten assessment tools were used，including the Jefferson Scale of Empathy series and the Interpersonal Reactivity Index. Conclusion The effective pathways for cultivating empathy ability among nursing students are diverse. However，improvements are still needed in the systematic application of theoretical guidance，innovative use of digital technologies，targeted educational design，and comprehensiveness of evaluation tools.

Professional Practice

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Construction and application of a multi-component exercise intervention program for frail elderly patients with multiple myeloma DU Yating, DU Ruofei, ZHANG Ying, ZHANG Bingyan, YANG Huimin 2026, 23 (6):  740-747.  doi: 10.3761/j.issn.1672-9234.2026.06.015 Abstract ( 17 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (1206KB) ( 0 )   Save Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics Objective To construct a multi-component exercise intervention program for frail elderly patients with multiple myeloma and evaluate its effectiveness. Methods Through evidence aggregation，semi-structured interviews，the Delphi method and a pilot study，a multi-component exercise intervention program was constructed under the guidance of the Health Belief Model. Frail elderly patients with multiple myeloma from the hematology departments of two hospital branches of a tertiary hospital in Luoyang from March to June 2025 were selected as study subjects. They were divided into a control group（n=28） and an experimental group（n=29） according to hospital branch. The experimental group received the multi-component exercise intervention，while the control group received routine nursing care. Frailty levels and physical function were compared between the two groups before the intervention，at four weeks of intervention，and at 12 weeks of intervention. Results Significant between-group，time，and interaction effects were observed in frailty and physical function scores between the two groups before intervention，at 4 weeks and 12 weeks of intervention（P<0.05）. At 4 weeks and 12 weeks of intervention，the experimental group demonstrated significantly better frailty and physical function scores than the control group（P<0.05）. Conclusion The multi-component exercise program constructed in this study is safe，scientific，easy to learn and highly operability. It is conducive to improving the frailty state and physical function of elderly patients with multiple myeloma.

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Application effect of a chain health education program for type 1 diabetes in children ZHOU Yue, ZHENG Yan, CHEN Xiaochun, YUAN Ting, ZHANG Chuhao 2026, 23 (6):  748-754.  doi: 10.3761/j.issn.1672-9234.2026.06.016 Abstract ( 10 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (1095KB) ( 0 )   Save Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics Objective To explore the application effects of a chain health education program for childhood type 1 diabetes. Methods Following the patient-and family-centered care concept and chain management principles，a chain health education program（hereinafter referred to as the Program） for management in pediatric type 1 diabetes mellitus was developed through reviewing domestic and international guidelines and expert panel meetings. A total of 205 children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes mellitus who were hospitalized and treated in a Grade A tertiary pediatric specialty hospital from June 2023 to June 2025，as well as their primary caregivers，were selected as the participants. Among them，105 children admitted from June 2023 to June 2024 were assigned to the control group，receiving routine health education provided for both the children and their primary caregivers；100 children admitted from July 2024 to June 2025 were assigned to the experimental group，receiving chain health education for both the children and their primary caregivers. The reduction in glycosylated hemoglobin （HbA1c） at 3 months after discharge，as well as the diabetes knowledge assessment scores of primary caregivers and their satisfaction with nursing services at discharge，were compared between the two groups. Results At 3 months after discharge，the reduction range of HbA1c in the experimental group was significantly greater than that in the control group（P<0.05）；at discharge，the diabetes knowledge assessment scores of primary caregivers and their satisfaction with nursing services in the experimental group were significantly higher than those in the control group（P<0.05）. Conclusion The application of the Program can not only effectively improve the short-term blood glucose control level of children with type 1 diabetes mellitus，but also enhance the diabetes knowledge level of their primary caregivers and their satisfaction with nursing services，which is worthy of wide clinical promotion.

Review

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Advances in the application of extended reality technology in nursing education ZHENG Cheng, YANG Minfei, YAO Xiaoyue, ZHAO Yanxiang 2026, 23 (6):  755-760.  doi: 10.3761/j.issn.1672-9234.2026.06.017 Abstract ( 22 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (977KB) ( 1 )   Save Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics Extended reality（XR） technology，encompassing virtual reality（VR），augmented reality（AR），and mixed reality（MR），integrates computer technology，wearable devices，and artificial intelligence to create immersive or semi-immersive learning environments. This provides innovative pedagogical tools for nursing education. This article systematically reviews the current application status of XR technology in nursing education. It focuses on analyzing its specific implementations，covering aspects such as technological characteristics and educational challenges，diversified application scenarios and their comprehensive effectiveness，as well as economic cost-benefit analysis within the field. The aim is to provide a theoretical foundation and practical guidance for fostering innovation in nursing education and talent cultivation.

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Nurses’ documentation burden in the context of electronic health record system application：a scoping review TIAN Feng, CHEN Yuan, CHEN Shiqi, ZHANG Rongxiang, ZHU Chenyang 2026, 23 (6):  760-768.  doi: 10.3761/j.issn.1672-9234.2026.06.018 Abstract ( 15 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (1228KB) ( 0 )   Save Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics Objective To conduct a scoping review of studies on nursing documentation burden in the context of electronic health record（EHR） system application. Methods Following the methodological framework of scoping reviews，computerized searches were performed in CNKI，Wanfang Database，SinoMed，PubMed，Web of Science，EBSCO，OVID，and Cochrane Library. The search period spanned from database inception to June 20，2025. Two researchers independently conducted literature screening，inclusion，and analysis. Results A total of 30 studies were included. The findings indicated that nursing documentation in the context of EHR system application could be classified into five categories：structured nursing records，documentation supporting physician order execution，documentation related to hand-offs and inter-professional communication，documentation for quality management and regulatory requirements，and EHR system operation and information maintenance tasks. Assessment tools comprised two categories：subjective assessment tools（e.g.，National Aeronautics and Space Administration Task Load Index，Burden of Documentation for Nurses and Midwives） and objective assessment tools（e.g.，time-motion studies，work log analysis，timestamp data analysis）. Influencing factors encompassed multiple dimensions：technological，task-related，organizational，policy-related，and individual. Intervention methods focused on technological optimization，workflow redesign，and organizational change. Conclusion The burden of nursing documentation in the context of EHR system application is prevalent and significant. Future efforts should further strengthen systematic research on nursing documentation burden，in order to build an efficient and humanistic working environment for nurses，and promote the sustainable development of the nursing profession.