Table of Content

15 August 2022, Volume 19 Issue 8 Previous Issue    Next Issue

Research Paper

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Development of a nursing training program for patients with post-stroke cognitive impairment LIU Yangyang, ZHOU Hongzhen, HU Ruidan, HOU Jiakun, LI Muling, BAI Xuejie 2022, 19 (8):  677-682.  doi: 10.3761/j.issn.1672-9234.2022.08.001 Abstract ( 267 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF (819KB) ( 5 )   Save Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics Objective To develop a nursing training program for patients with post-stroke cognitive impairment. Methods Semi-structured interviews with clinicians,nurses,rehabilitation therapists,and nursing educators were conducted on the basis of literature analysis to design a draft of the training program. The Delphi technique was used to conduct 2 rounds of expert consultations with 25 experts. Results The positive coefficients of the two rounds of expert letter inquiries were 84.0%（21/25） and 95.2%（20/21）,and the expert authority coefficients were 0.85 and 0.86 respectively. The Kendall coefficients of item importance were 0.214 and 0.316 respectively（P<0.001）. The final training program consisted of 6 parts including training objectives（4 first-level items,11 second-level items）,training contents（10 first-level items,48 second-level items）,and training form（7 items）,training time（46 class hours）,training teachers（3 items） and training evaluation（4 items）. Conclusion The post-stroke cognitive impairment nursing training program has plenty of contents,high reliability and expert recognition,and is suitable for nurse training. The program still needs to be improved through practice and its training effects are needed to be examined.

Cultivate Students through Competitions

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Analysis on the performance in obstetrics and gynecology nursing examination station in the National Nursing Skills Competition AO Qingqing,HUANG Haichao,TIAN Xinyu 2022, 19 (8):  683-686.  doi: 10.3761/j.issn.1672-9234.2022.08.002 Abstract ( 197 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (647KB) ( 4 )   Save Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics Objective To analyze the performance in obstetrics and gynecology nursing examination station in the National Nursing Skills Competition. Methods The performances of 46 participating teams in the obstetrics and gynecology nursing examination station were retrospectively analyzed,and the problems in the nursing skills of the participating students were summarized. Results Only 7 participating teams completed all the three nursing skills assessment,27 participating teams did not complete fetal heart rate monitoring,and 32 participating teams did not complete intravenous infusion. The 46 participating teams scored relatively high in the three first-level indicators of preparation,evaluation and decision-making,and technical operation,while the other three first-level indicators were scored relatively low,such as critical thinking,humanistic care and communication,and evaluation. The average scores of the three nursing skill operations were all between 60 to 70,and the differences between the high and low scores were large. There is significant differences in the competition results about three nursing skills between completed teams and uncompleted teams（P<0.05）. Conclusion Practical teaching should focus on proficiency in nursing skills,strengthen the cultivation of critical thinking,humanistic care and communication skills of nursing students. Such teaching can cultivate professional nursing talents being the qualified nurses and meet the needs of clinical nursing.

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The motivation and experience of nursing students participating in the nursing track of the Chinese College Students Medical Skills Competition：a qualitative study TANG Jiao,LI Fuying,ZHANG Yunmei,LUO Zhongchen 2022, 19 (8):  687-691.  doi: 10.3761/j.issn.1672-9234.2022.08.003 Abstract ( 241 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (844KB) ( 4 )   Save Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics Objective To explore the motivation and experience of nursing students participating in the nursing track of the Chinese College Students Medical Skills Competition. Methods A total of 17 nursing students from two medical universities in Guizhou Province and Chongqing who participated in the competition preparation were recruited for semi-structured interviews from March to May 2021. Data were analyzed by Colaizzi analysis method. Results Seventeen students were interviewed for total 893 minutes,and the transcribed words were more than 158 thousand words. Two themes emerged from the data：participation motivation（improving ability,proving strength,responding to mobilization and being influenced by role models） and growth experience（enhancing professional self-confidence,improving professional ability,changing professional attitude,clarifying career development direction,correctly understanding themselves and increasing friendship）. Conclusion Students have various motivations for participating in the skill competition. They believe that their comprehensive ability has been improved and changed in various aspects during the preparation process. Nursing educators should take the skills competition as an opportunity to organize students to actively participate to learn in competition.

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Teaching reform of a skill operation program based on the skill competition YAN Lingqin 2022, 19 (8):  692-694.  doi: 10.3761/j.issn.1672-9234.2022.08.004 Abstract ( 209 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (493KB) ( 5 )   Save Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics Objective To explore the effects of skill operation teaching reform on clinical thinking ability of higher vocational nursing students. Methods Students of two classes admitted in 2020 in a higher vocational college were randomly recruited with 57 students in the experimental group and another 58 in the control group. Students in the experimental group received skill teaching based on the skill competition. Students in the control group was taught by the routine skill teaching. The clinical thinking ability of the two groups was compared. Results The clinical thinking ability score of students in the experimental group（93.02±11.06） was higher than that in the control group（82.02±11.41）（t=5.247,P<0.05）. Conclusion Skill operation reform based on the skill competition can improve the clinical thinking ability of students in the higher vocational college,and the teaching effects are remarkable.

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Implications of the health care program involved in the National Skills Competition for cultivation of talents in geriatric care YANG Xiaoling,JIANG Zhixia,HONG Yang,HAN Lulu,XU Kepei 2022, 19 (8):  695-698.  doi: 10.3761/j.issn.1672-9234.2022.08.005 Abstract ( 200 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (734KB) ( 2 )   Save References | Related Articles | Metrics This article briefly introduced the health care program in the first National Skills Competition from the perspective of instructors and assessors and illustrated the preparations and judgement of the health care competition. The implications including “standardizing guidance and strengthening the comprehensive vocational ability training of elderly care talents;taking the competition as an opportunity to train and cultivate talents;focusing on students’ success,teachers’ growth,training space construction to help cultivate talents;and accelerating the transformation of health care competition achievements” were proposed. It is hoped that references can be provided for better promotion of training of talents in geriatric care.

Nursing Education

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The application of a cardiopulmonary resuscitation training software based on posture recognition technology in students of a higher vocational nursing college LIN Jie,WANG Huizhu,XIANG Yue,WU Yuhuan,WU Fengxia,XIE Huosheng 2022, 19 (8):  699-703.  doi: 10.3761/j.issn.1672-9234.2022.08.006 Abstract ( 191 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (922KB) ( 2 )   Save Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics Objective To examine the effects of a self-developed CPR training software based on posture recognition technology in students of a higher vocational nursing college. Methods Nursing students in 2 classes of Grade 2019 in a higher vocational nursing college were recruited in the study. Students in class A were assigned to the experimental group（n=38） and the cardiopulmonary resuscitation training software based on gesture recognition technology was used in this group. Students in class B were assigned to the control group（n=49） and the routine demonstration was used. One theoretical training and 2 skills training were conducted. After 3 training sessions,the feedback device of the defibrillator was used to collect the assessment data of the chest compressions. The qualified rates of chest compressions were compared between the two groups. Students’ satisfaction with teaching was also evaluated. Results The generalized estimating equation showed that the comprehensive qualified rates of chest compression operation in the experimental group after the second and third training sessions were higher than those in the control group（Wald χ2=16.976,P<0.001）. The comprehensive pass rates after the second and third training were higher than those after the first training（Wald χ2=48.580,P<0.001）. The satisfaction rate of students in the experimental group was 100% while it was 96% of students in the control group. Conclusion The self-developed CPR software based on posture recognition technology can dynamically recognize and provide feedback to the action form,pressing frequency and depth of the students’ shoulders,elbows,and hands during chest compression. Besides,it uses the beat to prompt the pressing rate within the standard range. The software can play a role in standardizing operation posture and frequency,and can effectively improve students’ mastery of the skills and improve their satisfaction level.

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The establishment and practice of the teaching innovation system of Obstetrics and Gynecological Nursing HE Pingping, LIU Mengqi, ZHAO Qionglan, LI Hui, LIAO Hongwu, LIAO Hongqing, ZHOU Yanhui, GONG Xiaorong, LIU Fen, OUYANG Li 2022, 19 (8):  704-708.  doi: 10.3761/j.issn.1672-9234.2022.08.007 Abstract ( 252 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (1017KB) ( 10 )   Save Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics Under the background of “Golden Course” advocated by the Ministry of Education and based on the concept of “taking students’ development as the focus”,the teaching innovation system of Obstetrics and Gynecological Nursing was developed. During the process,we carefully identified the problems and limitations of the current course practice. The course was revised from the teaching objectives,teaching contents,teaching resources,teaching model,and examination and feedback. The system was “five in one” and solved the teaching problems existing. The system was welcomed by the relevant personnel,promoted the course construction,cultivated excellent students,and increased the course influence. The teaching innovation system of Obstetrics and Gynecological Nursing can effectively support the professional construction and help cultivate excellent undergraduate nursing talents with high quality,which has certain references.

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A descriptive qualitative study of narrative nursing education experience of nursing teachers and students HUANG Feifei,LIN Meilian,WANG Anni,XIAO Huimin 2022, 19 (8):  709-713.  doi: 10.3761/j.issn.1672-9234.2022.08.008 Abstract ( 241 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF (707KB) ( 7 )   Save Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics Objective To understand the real experience and views of nursing teachers and students participating in narrative nursing education activities. Methods Purposive sampling was used to recruit 7 nursing teachers and twenty-five nursing students who participated in or experienced narrative nursing teaching for the interview. The interview transcripts were analyzed by content analysis. Results Five themes emerged,including integration of interests and thoughts,the merging of reality and humanistic feelings,co-cultivation of professional identity,the collaboration of multiple explorations and flexible application,and difficulty perception in narrative nursing implementation. Conclusion Compared with the traditional teaching,narrative nursing teaching can enrich the classroom teaching form and highlight the positive experience of teachers and students. However,further improvement is needed to reduce the negative experience to further promote the extension and application of narrative nursing education.

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Development of a hospice care course for students majored in geriatric nursing in a higher vocational college based on Fink integration model FU Xuelian,HUAN Liping,CHEN Yubao,XIAO Min,YOU Siyue 2022, 19 (8):  714-718.  doi: 10.3761/j.issn.1672-9234.2022.08.009 Abstract ( 207 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF (677KB) ( 4 )   Save Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics Objective To explore the effects of a hospice care course based on Fink integration model for students majored in geriatric nursing in a higher vocational college. Methods Fink model was used to design the hospice care course for students in a higher vocational college. The course was provided to 138 students from March to April 2021. The final theoretical scores,skill scores,self-made questionnaires and reflection diaries submitted by students were used to evaluate the effects of the course. Results The final theoretical score of the students was（82.94±9.39）. The skill score was（90.45±4.32）. The survey at the end of the course showed that 95.7% of the students agreed they had improved the theoretical level of hospice care,92.8% of the students thought they had made themselves cherish life,and 97.1% of the students thought they had improved their communication skills. One year after the course,76.2% to 91.3% students still agreed with the learning objectives had been achieved. The results of reflection diary analysis showed that the hospice care course made students more willing to pay attention to the development of hospice and improve their ability of interpersonal communication and learning. Conclusion The hospice care course designed by using Fink integration model can improve students’ hospice care cognitive level and interpersonal communication ability,promote students’ thinking about life and death,enhance students’ willingness to engage in hospice care work,and create “meaningful learning experience” with short-term and long-term impacts for students.

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Canonical correlation analysis on communicable disease health literacy and electronic health literacy among nursing undergraduates in Guangdong Province MAI Jianrong,ZHOU Ling,HE Jiening,HUANG Tingfen,LIN Lina 2022, 19 (8):  719-722.  doi: 10.3761/j.issn.1672-9234.2022.08.010 Abstract ( 142 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (487KB) ( 1 )   Save Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics Objective To explore the correlation between electronic health literacy and communicable disease health literacy among nursing undergraduates in Guangdong Province. Methods Cluster sampling method was used to investigate 1 409 undergraduate nursing students using the scale of communicable disease health literacy and the scale of electronic health literacy from March to April in 2020. Results The total score of electronic health literacy of nursing undergraduates was（29.6±5.0）. The total score of communicable disease health literacy was（22.7±3.0）. The proportion of students with infectious disease health literacy was 30.5%（430/1 409）. According to the canonical variable formula and the canonical variable structure diagram,the canonical correlation coefficient was 0.339（P<0.05）. Electronic health literacy was mainly reflected by the application ability of network health information and services（canonical cross loadings range was -0.746~-0.892）. Communicable disease health literacy was mainly reflected by skill literacy（canonical cross loadings was -0.842）. Conclusion There is a positive correlation between the communicable disease health literacy and electronic health literacy in nursing students. Improving electronic health literacy is of a certain significance for communicable disease health literacy. Network resources can be fully utilized in nursing education to enhance the ability of nursing students to search,use,read and understand personal information.

Continuing Education

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Design and application of a micro-video training on core competence for nurses in the interventional neuroradiology department ZHANG Guifang,LIU Zhenya,GAO Shijuan,GUO Yunfei,FENG Yingpu,ZHANG Hongmei 2022, 19 (8):  723-726.  doi: 10.3761/j.issn.1672-9234.2022.08.011 Abstract ( 188 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (547KB) ( 3 )   Save Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics Objective To explore the design and preliminary application effects of micro-videos training on core competency for nurses in the interventional neuroradiology department. Methods According to the evaluation indicators of the core competence of nurses in the interventional neuroradiology department and the characteristics of the department,41 micro-videos were designed and filmed,and the duration of each micro-video was 10~20 minutes. The micro-video was applied in a 4-week core competency training for 64 nurses in the interventional neuroradiology department. In each of training,the training purpose and course design were firstly introduced,and the micro-video was played. Explanations were provided as necessary. Nurses who could not participate in the training logined on the special learning App to watch micro-videos. Before and after the training,the nurses were evaluated by the core competence evaluation scale. The satisfaction and opinions of the nurses on the training were also collected. Results All 64 nurses completed the training and passed the assessment. The scores of nurses’ core competence were higher than those before the training（P<0.05）. A total of 58 nurses expressed satisfaction with the training. Three nurses agreed that a practical environment should be provided in time after the micro-video training. Conclusion The teaching effect of the micro-video on core competency among nurses in the interventional neuroradiology department is confirmed. In the future,the corresponding practical training contents can be supplemented to make the training and clinical practice more closely integrated.

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Translation and reliability and validity testing of the Chinese version of the Educators’ Professional Development scale XING Yingzi,ZHOU Yiru,FENG Jine,WU Lili,CHEN Dandan 2022, 19 (8):  727-731.  doi: 10.3761/j.issn.1672-9234.2022.08.012 Abstract ( 174 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (606KB) ( 7 )   Save Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics Objective To translate the Educators’ Professional Development（EduProDe） scale and to assess the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the EduProDe. Methods The Sousa translation model was used for forward and back translation. Cross-cultural adaption of the translated scale was performed through expert consultation and pre-testing. Totally 396 clinical nurse educators from two tertiary general hospitals in Hangzhou were recruited from May 2021 to June 2021 by convenience sampling. The reliability and validity of the Chinese version of EduProDe scale were assessed. Results The Chinese version of the EduProDe scale included 3 subscales and 26 items in total. Three common factors were extracted by exploratory factor analysis,and the cumulative variance contribution rate was 79.712%. The I-CVI were 0.833~1.000 and the S-CVI was 0.974. The Cronbach’s α coefficient of the total scale was 0.977. Cronbach’s α coefficients of the three sub-scales were 0.964~0.974. The test-retest reliability of the total scale was 0.861. Conclusion The Chinese version of the EduProDe scale has good reliability and validity,which can be used as a tool to assess clinal nurse educators’ professional development competence,and provide reference for nursing education departments to formulate targeted nursing educator training programs.

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The current status and influence factors of nurses’ moral courage WANG Siyao,JIANG Wenbin,LIU Cui,SHANG Quanwei,YANG Haipeng,ZHANG Yan,WEI Lili 2022, 19 (8):  732-736.  doi: 10.3761/j.issn.1672-9234.2022.08.013 Abstract ( 296 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (598KB) ( 5 )   Save Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics Objective To investigate the current status of nurses’ moral courage and its influencing factors. Methods From May to July 2020,a total of 1 094 nurses were recruited by convenience sampling from tertiary hospitals in Qingdao. The general information questionnaire,the Nurses’ Moral Courage Scale,the Revised Moral Sensitivity Questionnaire and the Hospital Ethical Climate Survey were used for the survey. Results The total score of nurses’ moral courage was（71.04±12.92）,the total score of nurses’ moral sensitivity was（34.82±7.49）,and the total score of nurses’ perception of hospital ethical climate was （94.80±13.98）. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that different departments（ICU and emergency department,while medical department as reference variable）,professional titles,employment forms,length of working,having medical ethics-related education or training,nurses’ moral sensitivity,and nurses’ perception of hospital ethical climate were associated with nurses’ moral courage,explaining 62.9% of the total variance（F=155.336,P<0.001）. Conclusion The moral courage of nurses is above average. Nursing managers and educators can focus on the influencing factors of nurses’ moral courage,cultivate nurses’ moral sensitivity,improve the ethical climate of the hospital,and further raise the level of nurses’ moral courage.

Health Education

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Evidence summary for exercise rehabilitation in maintenance hemodialysis patients ZHU Zhangyi,REN Pengna,ZHANG Kun,XU Fanglei 2022, 19 (8):  737-742.  doi: 10.3761/j.issn.1672-9234.2022.08.014 Abstract ( 218 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (746KB) ( 7 )   Save Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics Objective To summarize the best evidence of exercise intervention in maintenance hemodialysis patients,and to provide basis for clinical exercise plans. Methods According to the evidence pyramid model,relevant papers were searched from the national and international databases and the relevant websites from their inception to April 2022. Using the literature evaluation criteria and evidence classification system of JBI Evidence-based Health Care Center in Australia,the quality of the literature was evaluated,and the extracted evidence was graded. Results A total of 10 publications（1 clinical decision,4 guidelines,1 recommended practice,1 systematic review and 3 expert reports） were included. Nineteen pieces of evidence were extracted including exercise principle,exercise assessment,exercise type,exercise intensity,exercise frequency and time,exercise support and exercise safety. Conclusion This study summarizes the best evidence of exercise intervention in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Clinical professionals should strengthen the awareness of exercise intervention,evaluate the patients’ situation and characteristics,and select evidences corresponding with medical environment and conditions,patients and their families’ willingness to formulate personalized exercise intervention program.

Clinical Practice

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The influence of self-transcendence and diabetes distress on the quality of life of older patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus SUN Xiaoli,CUI Xiangshu,LI Wei,WANG Chen 2022, 19 (8):  743-746.  doi: 10.3761/j.issn.1672-9234.2022.08.015 Abstract ( 167 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (509KB) ( 5 )   Save Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics Objective To understand the current status of the quality of life of older patients with type 2 diabetes,and to explore the influence of self-transcendence and diabetes distress on the quality of life of older patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods Convenience sampling method was used to select 240 older type 2 diabetes patients from 3 communities in Yanji City. Questionnaire surveys were conducted using general information questionnaire,Chinese version of the Diabetic Distress Scale,Chinese Self-Transcendence Scale and Diabetes Specific Quality of Life Scale. Results The quality of life score of older patients with type 2 diabetes was（58.82±10.03）. Hierarchical regression analysis showed that self-transcendence and diabetes distress could explain 30.6% of the total variance of quality of life in older patients with type 2 diabetes. Conclusion Self-transcendence and diabetes distress are important influencing factors of quality of life in older patients with type 2 diabetes. Medical staffs should know the dynamic psychological changes of patients and give targeted interventions to improve their quality of life.

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The current status and influencing factors of perceived vulnerability in parents of children with bronchial asthma HAN Wenji,HUANG Zhenzhen,WU Yumei,GUO Yuping,CHEN Jiang 2022, 19 (8):  747-751.  doi: 10.3761/j.issn.1672-9234.2022.08.016 Abstract ( 190 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (564KB) ( 5 )   Save Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics Objective To investigate and analyze the current status of perceived vulnerability in parents of children with bronchial asthma and its influencing factors. Methods A total of 334 parents whose children were treated in two tertiary hospitals in Haikou from July 2020 to June 2021 were recruited. The questionnaires included General information questionnaire,the Child Vulnerability Scale（CVS）,the General Self-Efficacy Scale（GSES）,and the Parental Perception of Uncertainty Scale（PPUS）. Results The perceived vulnerability scores of parents were （11.51±2.80）. Hierarchical regression analysis （stepwise method） showed that children’s asthma course,parents’ educational level,self-efficacy scores and disease uncertainty scores were the influencing factors of parents’ perceived vulnerability score,accounting for 53.1% of the total variation. Self-efficacy and disease uncertainty could independently explain 29.4% of the total variation. Conclusion The perceived vulnerability of parents of children with asthma is at a high level. Professionals should pay more attention to those parents with long asthma course,low educational level,low self-efficacy and high disease uncertainty.

Review

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A review of the hospice care for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease（COPD） SUN Yuxue,RU Yunxin,PAN Mingyue,ZHANG Jin,SHEN Guodi 2022, 19 (8):  752-755.  doi: 10.3761/j.issn.1672-9234.2022.08.017 Abstract ( 243 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (515KB) ( 1 )   Save References | Related Articles | Metrics COPD has become one of the most common chronic diseases in the world. It seriously affects the physical and mental health and quality of life of patients. Hospice care can alleviate the symptom burden of patients with COPD and improve the quality of life of patients. This paper reviewed the implementation and content of the palliative care in COPD patients,and analyzed the factors that affected the palliative care implementation. We aimed to provide a reference for the development of palliative care for COPD patients.

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Current situation and challenges of the integrated curriculum reform in nursing HU Xuechen,WANG Lin,WU Jia,ZHAO Xiaoyan,LI Nannan,FANG Qiong 2022, 19 (8):  756-760.  doi: 10.3761/j.issn.1672-9234.2022.08.018 Abstract ( 275 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (641KB) ( 1 )   Save References | Related Articles | Metrics The integrated curriculum reform in nursing is the main development direction of nursing curriculum reform. This article reviewed the current situation,key components and challenges of nursing curriculum integration through literature review. The integrated curriculum reform in nursing should strengthen the leading role of nursing school itself. The top-level design should be done and team construction should be emphasized. Multiple teaching methods and evaluation methods should be developed. Integrated teaching materials and cases should also be developed. All these measures can promote the sustainable development of nursing.

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Application of information technology in management of falls FU Rongjuan,DING Fu 2022, 19 (8):  761-764.  doi: 10.3761/j.issn.1672-9234.2022.08.019 Abstract ( 208 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (532KB) ( 1 )   Save References | Related Articles | Metrics This paper summarized the status of information technology in preventing falls of older adults in institutions and in their daily lives. Suggestions and references are proposed for fall prevention information system in professional institutions and fall prevention information system design in China.

Exploration and Debate

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Teaching reform under the cultivation of excellent nursing talents LI Qiuyue,LIANG Tao,MA Shengmiao,CHEN Jingli 2022, 19 (8):  765-768.  doi: 10.3761/j.issn.1672-9234.2022.08.020 Abstract ( 226 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (602KB) ( 3 )   Save References | Related Articles | Metrics This article explored the connotation of excellent talents. The necessity and practical significance of excellent nursing talents training are clarified from three perspectives of national health construction,discipline development and students’ own development. The paper also summarized the universal law of excellent talents training. Combined with the development status of nursing discipline and nursing specialty in China,this paper explored the cultivation path of nursing talents from six aspects,including selection of talents,training objectives,training model,curriculum contents,teachers and teaching methods,and training environment to promote the reform of nursing undergraduate education and the development of nursing career in China.