Objective Through constructing and implementing the exercise intervention program for diabetes patients to evaluate the impact of the program on exercise self-efficacy，self-management and blood sugar of type 2 diabetes patients. Methods Through literature review and expert consultation，the exercise intervention program for diabetes patients was constructed. From January to March 2022，100 inpatients from the endocrinology department of a tertiary Grade A hospital were recruited as the research participants by convivence sampling. The experimental group was given the constructed exercise intervention program，while the control group got a routine exercise intervention for 12 weeks. The exercise self-efficacy，self-management ability，fasting blood glucose，and glycated hemoglobin of the two groups of patients were compared before and after the intervention. Results A total of 97 patients completed the study（48 in the experimental group and 49 in the control group）. After intervention，the self-efficacy score of the experimental group was（81.81 ± 11.53），while the score of the control group was（74.61 ± 7.45），with a statistically significant difference（t=3.646，P<0.001）. Additionally，the self-management score of the experimental group was（57.40 ± 2.40），while the score of the control group was（49.17 ± 4.44），with a statistically significant difference（t=11.379，P<0.001）. Besides，the fasting blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin values in the experimental group were lower than those in the control group（P<0.05） after the intervention. Conclusion The exercise intervention program constructed in this study can effectively enhance the self-efficacy，self-management ability，and blood sugar control level for patients with type 2 diabetes.